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Appendices
Appendix C Cultural Resources
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General Plan Update and AJJociated Specific Plam EIR
The Planning Center
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Appendices
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GencTal Plan Update and AJSociated Specific Plaus H1R
The Planning Center
HISTORIC RESOURCES REPORT
ARROWHEAD SPRINGS HOTEL
SAN BERNARDINOt CA
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT
16 February 2005
Prepared for:
The Planning Center
1580 Metro Dr
Costa Mesa CA 92626
Prepared by:
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1. Introduction
This report was prepared for the purpose of assisting the City of San Bernardino in their compliance with the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) as it relates to historic resources, in connection with the city's
consideration of the proposed Arrowhead Springs Specific Plan. [Figure 1]
The proposed project consists of:
. Multi-purpose open space
. l8-hole public golf course
. A community of distinctive residential neighborhoods
. A 'village' commercial center
. A vacation and business resort, holistic spa retreat, and recreational destination
. Office location setting for corporate headquarters.
This report assesses the historical and architectural significance of potentially significant historic properties
in accordance with the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and the California Register of Historical
Resources (CRHR). A determination will be made as to whether adverse environmental impacts on historic
resources, as defined by CEQA and the CEOA Guidelines, may occur as a consequence of the proposed project,
and the recommend the adoption of mitigation measures, as appropriate.
This report was prepared by San Buenaventura Research Associates of Santa Paula, California, Judy Triem, His-
torian; and Mitch Stone, Preservation Planner, and Kathryn Wollan, Research Associate, for the Planning Cen-
ter, Inc. and is based on a field investigation and research conducted in November 2004 through and February
2005. The conclusions contained herein represent the professional opinions of San Buenaventura Research
Associates, and are based on the factual data available at the time of its preparation, the application of the
appropriate local, state and federal regulations, and best professional practices.
2. Administrative Setting
The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires evaluation of project impacts on historic resources,
including properties "listed in, or determined eligible for Listing in, the California Register of Historical Re-
sources [or] included in a local register of historicaL resources." A resource is eligible for listing on the Cali-
fornia Register of Historical Resources if it meets any of the criteria for listing, which are:
1. Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Califor-
nia's history and cultural heritage;
2. Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
3. Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region. or method of construction, or rep-
resents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or
4. Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
By definition, the California Register of Historical Resources also includes all "properties formally determined
eligible for, or listed in, the National Register of Historic Places," and certain specified State Historical Land-
marks. The majority of "formal determinations" of NRHP eligibility occur when properties are evaluated by the
State Office of Historic Preservation in connection with federal environmental review procedures (Section 106
of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966). Formal determinations of eligibility also occur when prop-
erties are nominated to the NRHP, but are not Listed due to owner objection.
The criteria for determining eligibility for listing on the NationaL Register of Historic Places (NRHP) have been
developed by the National Park Service. Properties may qualify for NRHP listing if they:
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Source: USGS 7,5 Minute Quadrangle, San Bernardino North, CA, 1967 updated to 1988.
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San Buenaventura Research Associates
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (2)
A. are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our
history; or
B. are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or
L embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or that represent
the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distin-
guishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or
D. have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
According to the National Register of Historic Places guidelines, the "essential physical features" of a property
must be present for it to convey its significance. Further, in order to qualify for the NRHP, a resource must
retain its integrity, or "the ability of a property to convey its significance."
The seven aspects of integrity are: Location (the place where the historic property was constructed or the
place where the historic event occurred); Design (the combination of elements that create the form, plan,
space, structure, and style of a property); Setting (the physical environment of a historic property); Materials
(the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular
pattern or configuration to form a historic property); Workmanship (the physical evidence of the crafts of a
particular culture or people during any given period of history or prehistory); Feeling (a property's expression
of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time), and; Association (the direct link between an
important historic event or person and a historic property).
The relevant aspects of integrity depend upon the National Register criteria applied to a property. For exam-
ple, a property nominated under Criterion A (events), would be likely to convey its significance primarily
through integrity of location, setting and association. A property nominated solely under Criterion C (design)
would usually rely primarily upon integrity of design, materials and workmanship. The California Register pro-
cedures include similar language with regard to integrity.
The minimum age criterion for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the California Register of
Historical Resources (CRHR) is 50 years. Properties less than 50 years old may be eligible for listing on the
NRHP if they can be regarded as "exceptional," as defined by the NRHP procedures, or in terms of the CRHR,
"if it can be demonstrated that sufficient time has passed to understand its historical importance" (Chapter
11, Title 14, S4842(d)(2))
Historic resources as defined by CEQA also includes properties listed in "local registers" of historic properties.
A "local register of historic resources" is broadly defined in s5020.1 (k) of the Public Resources Code, as "a
list of properties officially designated or recognized as historically significant by a lucal government pursuant
to a local ordinance or resolution." Local registers of historic properties come essentially in two forms: (1)
surveys of historic resources conducted by a local agency in accordance with Office of Historic Preservation
procedures and standards, adopted by the local agency and maintained as current, and (2) landmarks desig-
nated under local ordinances or resolutions. These properties are "presumed to be historically or culturaUy
significant... unless the preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that the resource is not historically or
culturally significant." (Public Resources Code s!l 5024.1, 21804.1, 15064.5)
3. Impact Thresholds and Mitigation
According to PRC 921084.1, "a project that may cause a substantial change in the significance of an historical
resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment." The Public Resources Code
broadly defines a threshold for uetermining if the impacts of a project on an historic property will be signifi-
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (3)
cant and adverse, By definition, a substantial adverse change means, "demolition, destruction, relocation, or
alterations," such that the significance of an historical resource would be impaired (PRC ~5020.1(6)), For pur-
poses of NRHP eligibility, reductions in a resource's integrity (the ability of the property to convey its signifi-
cance) should be regarded as potentially adverse impacts.
Further, according to the CEQA Guidelines, "an historical resource is materially impaired when a project...
[dJemolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics of an historical resource
that convey its historical significance and that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for, inclusion in the Cali-
fornia Register of Historical Resources [or] that account for its inclusion in a local register of historical re-
sources pursuant to section 5020.1 (k) of the Public Resources Code or its identification in an historical re-
sources survey meeting the requirements of section 5024.1{g) of the Public Resources Code, unless the public
agency reviewing the effects of the project establishes by a preponderam:e of evidence that the resource is
not historically or culturally significant."
The lead agency is responsible for the identification of "potentially feasible measures to mitigate significant
adverse changes in the significance of an historical resource." The specified methodology for determining if
impacts are mitigated to less than significant LeveLs are the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treat-
ment of Historic Properties with Guidelines jor Preserving, Rehabilitating, Reston'ng, and Reconstructing Historic
Buildings and the Secretary oj the Interior's Standards for RehabiLitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating His-
toric Buildings (1995), publications of the National Park Service. (PRC ~15064.5(b){3-4))
4. Historical Setting
General HistoricaL Context
In 1820, a colony from the San Gabriel mission emigrated sixty miles east to establish a branch of the mis-
sion, called San Bernardino. In 1836, following the establishment of the Mexican republic, the governor Juan
ALvarado extended land grants throughout (Alta) California to begin the era known as the "Rancho period." In
1842 San Bernardino Rancho was granted to three brothers from the prominent Lugo family and Diego Se-
pulveda. The area was used primarily for cattle and horse ranching over the next decade, In June 1851, the
year after California entered the Union in 1850, the Lugos sold a portion of the San Bernardino Rancho to a
group of 800 Mormons, who arrived in San Bernardino to settle a new colony. Under the colony's management,
the land was subdivided into five to 90 acre parcels that were sold to the public. The City of San Bernardino
was first surveyed in 1853; in the same year, the State Legislature created the County of San Bernardino from
the eastern portion of Los Angeles County. The City of San Bernardino became the county seat, In 1857
Brigham Young recalled the Mormon colony to Utah and, as a result, much of the colony's land was quickly
sold off. Over the next three decades, with the introduction of better irrigation techniques, local agricuLture
shifted its focus from stock to grain and ultimately to citrus orchards by the end of the nineteenth century.
(Hale, 1888: 8-12)
Smith's Infirmary, 1863-1883
David Noble Smith, an Ohioan in California on a prospecting trip, was the first American to take note of the
natural hot springs at the base of Arrowhead in 1851. On this trip, he reputedly vowed to return to the spot
to establish an infirmary, and he ultimately did so in 1863. Smith cleared a road from Waterman Canyon to
the spa and constructed the first spa building-a "long shack" according to some accounts-which he opened
to the public. The following year, Smith built additional bathi ng rooms and r~servuirs to collect the hot water
and opened his "Hot Springs Hygienic Infirmary" for the treatment of consumption. (Robinson, 1939; 109-
110)
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (4)
Smith continued to expand his fledgling operation with the construction of a larger treatment house and a
100 by 75 foot bathing lake on the 320 acre property. The business continued over the next two decades,
while Southern California's population grew steadily around it. The Southern Pacific Railroad was extended
east from Los Angeles to San Bernardino in 1876, connecting with the transcontinental system in 1881. Just
as the region stood on the brink of a major boom period, Smith's infirmary ended in financial failure.
The Boom Hotel, 1883-1895
In 1883, Smith was forced to lease the property to new owners from Los Angeles, Messrs. Darby and Lyman.
Smith continued to live nearby and, following his death in 1885, was buried on the property where a monu-
ment still stands. Darby and Lyman promptly razed the one-story treatment house. The two-story building was
improved by adding a veranda around the exterior. When the existing structure burned to the ground in 1885,
the owners constructed a new three-story, 40-room hotel with a veranda on every floor.
With the construction of a new, elegant hotel, the Arrowhead Hot Springs Company was incorporated in 1886.
Likely in response to the booming tourism spawned by the arrival of the transcontinental railroad in 1883, the
owners tripled the size of the hotel over the course of the next three years to a total of 120 rooms by adding
two more wings. Lyman himself served as resident host.
While San Bernardino was now connected with the entire nation via the Santa Fe Railroad, convenient access
to the hotel itself still posed a problem. Thus, in 1887, the Arrowhead and Waterman Railway Company was
formed to provide rail service from San Bernardino, northeast to Patton, and then northwest to Waterman
Canyon and Arrowhead Springs; however, tracks were only laid as fa r as Patton. Instead, the hotel was reached
via stage upon arrival at the Arrowhead Station of the Santa Fe Railroad's "Belt Line."
A local Board of Trade publication touted the benefits of the springs in 1888: "The County contains valuable
remedial springs.. ..They are twenty-five in number, varying much in analysis, and in temperature. The hottest
is 1940 Fahrenheit. The mud baths which are given here are considered very beneficial for rheumatism, dis-
eases of the skin and the blood, nervous troubles, malaria and the like." Some visitors, however, were dubious
of their benefits, describing the mud baths as "looking like coffins on the floor filled with mud" and the
steam bath as being "put in a dry good box over a natural spring." This particular visitor, having experienced
the mud and steam baths, did not intend to return. (Hale, 1888: 50; Los Angeles Times, 12-11-1886)
In 1889, following Sylvester Lyman's death, the hotel and hot springs were leased to Dr. H.C. Royer. Royer
conducted all aggressive promotional campaign, touting the medical benefits of the springs. An 1891 account
uf the hotel reported that, with over nine hundred guests, "the summer ~eason here was the most successful
since the opening of the hoteL" Guests arrived from throughout California as well as the Midwest. Despite this
apparent success, the hotel would change hands again, when Royer departed ill 1892 alld the property was
leased to Stanton and Van Alstine. (Thompson, 1976: 10-11)
Despite these changes, the hotel maintained its reputation as a first-class resort. An 1894 promotional publi-
cation of the railroad reported: "There is a fine hotel here, and perfect bathing facilities. Arrowhead is one of
the best-known resorts in Southern California, and its sightly location and comfortable hotel accommodations
make it a favorite with those ill health as well as invalids." Success would be short-lived, however, when once
again, the hotel was destroyed by fire, on July 4, 1895. In the same year, the Arrowhead and Waterman Rail-
way Company failed, leaving the rail extension to Arrowhead Springs incomplete. The property would remain
vacant for nearly a decade.
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (5)
Marshall's Hotel, 1904.1938
In 1904, Seth Marshall, a local San Bernardino businessman, assembled a group of investors to buyout the
Los Angeles owners of the Arrowhead Hot Springs Company. In addition, the Marshall group acquired the adja-
cent property to the west, owned by the estate of the former California governor, Robert W. Waterman. To-
gether they formed a nearly 1,800 acre property. Perhaps recognizing the need for a "fireproof" building, Mar-
shall had plans drawn up for a new hotel sheathed in stucco, designed by architect Arthur B. Benton. The con-
struction of the building was completed in September 1905. When furnishings were in place, the hotel opened
for business in 1906.
Like his predecessors, Marshall saw the need to improve access to the hotel. In 1905, the San Bernardino Val-
ley Traction Company, with Marshall as an investor, acquired the rights to the defunct Arrowhead and Water-
man Railway Company in order to finally extend service to Arrowhead Springs. Until then, guests were brought
by stage from the local railroad depot. On March 15, 1907, with the extension of the railway completed, the
San Bernardino Valley Traction Company began providing seven daily round trips from San Bernardino to Ar-
rowhead Springs. The company was then sold to the Pacific Electric Railway Company, Southern California's
well-known "Red Car" line, which provided scheduled passenger service to Arrowhead Springs until 1932. Oc-
casional excursion trains ran on the route for ten more years. (Swett, 1967: 89-96)
Marshall also began bottling and selling Arrowhead Springs water in the basement of the hotel shortly after it
was completed. Hotel guests encouraged this new venture by wanting to be able to have the "crystal clear"
water shipped to their homes after having first enjoyed it at the hotel. With the completion of the railroad,
water was then brought from Waterman Canyon to a reservoir at Arrowhead Springs and then loaded onto spe-
cial glass-lined railroad cars and shipped to Los Angeles, where a bottling plant had been established in 1915.
By the 1920s, Arrowhead Springs bottling plants had spread to Ventura, San Bernardi no, Colton, Santa Bar-
bara, San Diego and Phoenix. Railroad tanker cars continued to transport Arrowhead Mountain Spring Water
from their terminal at the end of the old Pacific Electric line until 1960, when tanker trucks took over and the
rail line was removed.
CharLes G. Anthony joined the hotel as managing director in 1917. An engineer by training, Anthony was a
graduate and facuLty member of Union College in Schenectedy, New York, and came to Arrowhead Springs foL-
lowing work at Saratoga Springs, New York. (San Bernardino Sun, 12-20-1928)
Beginning in February 1920, MarshaUleased the hotel to the United States Veterans Bureau. The property was
used as a rehabilitation hospital for veterans of the first World War. Under the five-year lease agreement, the
federal government had the option to buy the property for $750,000, including all real and personal property,
and rights to both springs and medicinal waters. The government did not exercise this option, choosing in-
stead to build a veterans hospital in the San Fernando Valley, endings its lease on the property in 1924. (Los
Angeles Times, 3-27-1921)
The property was returned to Marshall and his investors on June 30, 1924. In preparation for reopening to the
public, the owners pLanned a million-dollar improvement program. Arthur B. Benton, one of the architects of
Riverside's Mission Inn, designed a rustic concrete entrance archway encased in ornamental boulders. The
archway stood 15 feet high with a 26 foot span. A 13-foot concrete statue of an American Indiall stood atop
the archway, designed by sculptor J.L Root. Benton also prepared plans for a fiVe-room stone lodge, but evi-
dently this building was never built. Bathhouses were constructed at the steam caves in Waterman Canyon
and, according to local newspaper reports, the "Spanish architecture [made] the steam caves more attractive
than ever. The new buildings which adorn the caves greatly enhance the beauty of the surroundings." Addi-
C-7
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAfT Histonc Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (6)
tional improvements included new garages, outdoor swimming pool and a new plunge house with modern
locker facilities. (Southwest Builder and Contractor, 6-20-1924; San Bernardino Sun, 12-15-1925)
The Arrowhead Springs Hotel reopened for business in January, 1925. The newly renovated hotel would have
to cater to the new "motoring" tourist, as the Pacific Electric dropped Arrowhead Springs from its route in the
same year. On January 6, Seth Marshall provided a preview of the refurbished hotel to 25 members of the state
and local press. A gala reopening celebration followed on January 10, with a formal dinner dance for 400
guests that included speakers on the history of Arrowhead, San Bernardino, California, the United States, and,
finally, the hoteL The hotel opened to the public on January 11. By June of the same year, Marshall had sold
his one-third interest in the property. (San Bernardino Sun, 12-20-1924)
Following the sale, David Blankenhorn of Pasadena, became president of the Arrowhead Springs Corporation.
Under his leadership, additional improvements included a new bathhouse, a garage for fifty cars, ridings sta-
bles, drinking rotunda, tea house and tennis court were completed. In the subsequent decade, the hotel was
regularly mentioned in the Los Angeles Times Resort & Hotel Notes section, as a good honeymoon spot, a
place to "wile away Lent," or simply a good winter leisure destination. The hotel also played host to numerous
conferences and conventions, including the California State Hotel Association.
The hotel owners once again announced plans for hotel expansion in March 1929, with construction to begin
immediately. These plans had been originally developed by Charles Anthony, managing director of the com-
pany, prior to the lease of the hotel to the Veterans' Bureau. The expansion was to be financed by the pro-
ceeds of a merger of the bottled water division of the Arrowhead Springs Corporation with two other water
companies. The new plans called for a new hotel building, east of the existing building, and the addition of
twenty-five bungalows, all designed in the "Spanish style" with stucco walls and red tile roofs. Each bungalow
was to house five hotel rooms and were to be constructed around an empty court that would eventually be-
come the site of the new hotel. Also included in the plans were a forty-room employee dormitory north of the
existing main building and steam caves at the Peyungal springs, west of the hoteL Semitropical gardens were
to be planted at the automobile bridge. (San Bernardino Sun, 12-20~1928)
Also during these years, Hollywood personalities availed themselves of the convenient location. Mary Pickford
and screenwriter Frances Marion stayed at the hotel for a week to collaborate on Pickford's autobiography. One
Los Angeles Times report in 1935 announced that Hollywood stars and writers were using the hotel bungalows
as makeshift offices while vacationing, citing recent visits by Frank Capra, Norma Talmadge, Tristam Tupper,
Robert Riskim, Sol Lesser, Carole Lombard, and Al Dubli n.
The hotel management contemplated another expansion project in 1936 to include a new 100-room hotel
building, a casino, new bathhouse, and six new bungalows. Construction was to begin that summer on the
casino, bathhouse and bungalows. (San Bernardino Sun, 5-24-1936)
Few of these improvements, with the possible exception of the bungalows, were completed. Then, on Novem-
ber 23, 1938, an aggressive brush fire swept through the hillsides above San Bernardino, destroying the Ar-
rowhead Springs Hotel and many other buildings on the property. A few weeks later, a syndicate of powerful
Hollywood investors exercised an option to purchase the property. (Los Angeles Times, 7-25-1941)
Hollywood's Arrowhead Springs Hotel, 1939-1962
In January of 1939, ground was broken for a brand~new Arrowhead Springs Hotel under the new Hollywood
ownership. The owners secured a loan from the federal Reconstruction Finance Corporation to rebuild the ho-
tel. The same month, the Arrowhead Springs Corporation filed articles of incorporation in San Bernardino.
C-8
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (7)
Directors of the corporations were: Joseph M. Schenck, Jay Paley (President), Darryl Zanuck (Vice President),
Edgar J. Mannix, WHliam Goetz (Vice President), Constance Bennett, Lou Anger, J. B. Anger, Claudette Colbert,
Al Jolson, and J.B. Codd (Secretary-Treasurer). The ambitious new owners also purchased Snow Valley, a local
mountain estate, for use as a ski area, as well as securing an option on the San Bernardino Valley Country
Club. (Las Angeles Times 10-8-1941)
The new owners planned a modern Georgian-style hotel building, designed by renowned Southern California
architects, Gordon B. Kaufmann and Paul R. Williams. The architects were natural choices for the project. Both
were well-known in Hollywood circles as "architects to the stars," and Williams had recently designed Jay Pa-
ley's private Bel Air residence.
The main building included 150 rooms and suites, shops and a movie theater. A Cure House, connected to the
main building by elevator. housed "steam caves, mud baths, radio active waters, and massage rooms." New
bungalows were to be constructed to augment those spared by the fire. Additional construction was to include
a new recreation center, cabanas, and swimming pool. The site plan and grounds were designed by the Los
Angeles landscape architect Edward Huntsman-Trout, another designer well known in entertainment industry
circles. Local contractors for the project included: George L. Black, electrical engineer; W. I Burrows, painter;
George Herz Co., landscaping and road work. (Architect and Engineer, June 1940: 20; Los Angeles Times, 7-25-
1941; Southwest Builder and Contractor, 2-16-1940: 8-10)
The formal division of labors between the two architects is unknown, but based upon an examination of origi-
nal building plans, it appears likely that Kaufmann was primarily responsible for the overall planning of the
project, with Williams in charge of the architectural details, as the detail sheets were apparently drafted in
William's office and the plans and elevations are credited to both Kaufmann and Williams, as "associated ar-
chitects." Of the partners in this project, it was Gordon Kaufmann who had prior experience with hotel design,
and Williams who was closely identified with the architectural style of the hotel, which he called "modified
English Georgian." (Hudson, 1993: 23)
A local newspaper account described the new hotel "like a super-screen spectacle." The main hotel's luxurious
interior was designed by Dorothy Draper and Company of New York, under the immediate supervision of Kath-
erine W. Seaman. One trade magazine described the interiors as "full of life and virility, and are unusually gay
and colorful, even for a section of the country where color and gayety are expected as a matter of course."
The public rooms were decorated in a boldly eclectic mix of ornate styles intended to complement the "Geor-
gian" style of the architecture. The fabrics and rugs were fabricated specifically for the hotel. (San Bemardjno
Sun, 12-17-1939; DecoratJ've Furnisher, April 1940: 12)
The powerful studio executives and entertainers who owned the property deftly exploited the existing Holly-
wood public relations channels to tout their new enterprise. A month before its gala opening, Hedda Hopper,
Hollywood gossip columnist for the Los Angeles Times, announced in her column: "Again our people are going
into another business. They've built at a cost of $2,500,000 one of the most beautiful hotels it's ever been my
privilege to look up at... It aU looks great, and if run properly, it can do California almost as much good as
the picture industry has done Hollywood." Hopper did, however, hasten to add, "it doesn't sound peaceful for
your pocketbooks!!!"
A formal gala opening was held the evening of December 16, 1939, with Al Jolson serving as master of cere-
monies. Music was provided by Roger Stanley's orchestra. Among the stars in attendance were Jimmy Durante
and Eddie Canter, Judy Garland, and Rudy Vallee. (Jolson, Durante and Canter were all under contract to Co-
lumbia, Paley's studio.) Most of the corporation's directors were in attendance as well-aU but Claudette Col-
C-9
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (8)
bert and Constance Bennett. Opening ceremonies also included an 1. Magriin fashion show, a swimming and
diving exhibition, and a tennis exhibition featuring Betty Nuthall and Gene Mako. In October, 1940, Rita
Hayworth, another Columbia studio actress, was featured in Look magazine, enjoying a relaxing week-long
vacation after completing two movies for the studio. (San Bernardino Sun, 12-17-1939; Look, 10-8-1940)
Oespite the fanfare associated with the Hollywood opening, within a year the hotel was in deep financial
trouble. The property was briefly leased to W.R. Wilkinson, a Hollywood trade magazine publisher, before its
closing in the spring of 1941. In July 1941. two months after the dosing of the hotel, the owner entered into
negotiations for the sale of the property to the United States War Oepartment for use as an Army hospital. The
deal was never completed, however, and Daily Variety reported that foreclosure proceedings were started in
September 1941. On October 27, 1941, the title company auctioned the rights to the mineral springs and wa-
ter supplies of the hotel to satisfy Paley and Schenck's debt. Company bondholders, including Louis B. Mayer
and Sid Graumann and the federal government, who heLd a $600,000 Reconstruction Finance Corporation first
mortgage on the property, opposed the auction. (Daily Variety, 9-9-1941: 7)
The hotel reopened for business on November 19, 1941 by hotel operator Thomas Hull Company. The Hull
Company took possession of the hotel from Paley and Scheck on November 15, after those two investors ac-
quired complete control of the property. The Hull Company operated several hotels and motor hotels through-
out California, including the Senator in Sacramento, Miramar in Santa Monica, Mayfair in Los Angeles, Roose-
veLt and Plaza in Hollywood and the Rancho Vegas motel in Las Vegas. (San Bernardino Sun, 11-11-1941: 13)
The hotel was soon put into the service of the country's new wartime effort. A celebrity "Victory Golf' tour-
nament was held at the hotel's golf course in November 1943. On March 8, 1944, the United State Navy an-
nounced that it had acquired the Arrowhead Spri ngs Hotel for use as a naval convalescent hospital. The hospi-
tal was formally com missioned for this service on May 23, 1944. The first group of "war wounded" patients
arrived the following day. The Naval hospital eventually treated over 6,000 soldier and sailors from the Navy,
Marines, and Coast Guard during its two years of service.
The hotel was again threatened with destruction in August 1944, when a large brush fire advanced to within
one hundred yards of the main hotel building. Only one building, a cottage east of the hotel, was destroyed in
this fire. (San Bernardino Sun, 8-27-1944: 1)
In 1946, the Navy returned the hotel property to Hull Hotels. It was put back in service to the public under
the management of Gaston Lauryssen, formerly of the St. Regis Hotel in New York City. The walls were replas-
tered, repainted, and rooms repapered in preparation for the opening. Life magazine ran a brief story and lay-
out caLLed "Life Visits Arrowhead Springs" in January 1948. Despite the publicity, the hotel never regained its
prewar luster. Even though the public had failed to renew its interest in the property, investors continued to
see potential in it. (San Bernardino Sun, 7-1-1946) [Figure 2]
Over the course of the 1950s, the property entered into a period of constant flux, with various planned im-
provements and many purchase options on the table every few years. In 1951 famed hotelier Conrad Hilton
purchased the property. Hilton planned "a complete Westernization" as part of his renovation plane;. New York
designer John Huston was hired to design a "warm, informal look" with a Southern California mountain-desert
motif. Upgrades included the redecoration of the lobby, some bedrooms and the dining room, which became
known as the Candlelight Room. The only major renovation was the creation of the Wanhi Room, a new cock-
tail lounge created by glassing in a portion of the lobby and the curved, covered porch outside. (San Ber-
nardino Sun, 5-28-1951)
C-10
\)
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/"
:. .f.,;, ~
'''l."
/'
~'
.p?J
.~
. .
'.
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1931 BuiJding Footprints and Features
D l,~.5t1'Building Outlines and Features
FIGURE 2. Arrowhead Springs Hotel, 1931-1950 overlay.
Source: August 1931 Survey, Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, 1950.
C-ll
San Buenaventura Research Associates
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (9)
Hilton's pLans to attract conferences and conventions to the hotet initially met with some limited success.
During 1952 and 1954, the hotel saw the arrival of the San Bernardino Real Estate Board, California Chiroprac-
tic Association, Haddassah Regional Unit Meeting, professional dentistry associations, and the Shell Service
Station dealers, among others. However, Hilton struggled to turn a profit with the hotel and was forced to
close it for several months at a time. The hotel was closed from November 1, 1952 through May 15, 1953 and
then "indefinitely" in December 1954. (San Bernardino Sun, 4-28-1952, 4-29-1952, 3-5-1954, 8-26-1952, 4-2-
1952.)
Hilton sold the property in 1956 to Benjamin Swig, owner of three other resort-style hotel5: San Francisco's
Fairmont Hotel, The Antlers in Colorado Springs, and the Mission Inn in Riverside. Under Swig's leadership, a
new arrowhead-shaped pool was constructed on the south side of the main building in 1957. The pool had a
formal dedication ceremony, attended by the reigning Miss U.S.A. and Hugh O'Brian, the star of television
series "Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp." In 1958 Swig constructed a new auditorium building, located across
the street and up the hill from the main building, that briefly became the site of cocktail parties, beer festi-
vals, and polka dance lessons. Advertisements in local papers indicate that the hotel pursued an additional
source of revenue by providing the public access to the hotel's faciLities through membership in the "Cabana
Club," which offered access to the swimming pools, tennis, badminton, shuffleboard and dancing in the Wanhi
Room. Swig operated the hotel until 1959, when it was closed finally and permanently. (San Bernardino Sun-
Telegram, 7-28-1957: 11; 5-3-1958: B-2)
In November 1959, Swig announced the sale of the property to Dr. William H. Parker, a professor at University
of Redlands, and W.R. Buster, of Crestview Development Company. Parker and Buster planned to convert the
property to a "human relations center" with available medical, psychiatric, and psychological treatment and to
sell one hundred rooms for senior housing. The surrounding acreage was planned for a residential subdivision.
The sale, however, appears to have fallen through and was never finalized.
In 1962, after five years of vacancy, Swig sold the property to William Bright and the Campus Crusade for
Christ. This organization was founded at UCLA in 1950 as an interdenominational Christian movement to bring
the teachings of Christ to campuses nationwide. The Arrowhead Spring property would serve as an administra-
tive and training center for the organization. The newspaper announcement of the sale featured members of
Campus Crusade engaged in bible study in the hotel's Wanhi cocktail bar. The beauty salon was converted for
use as a print shop and the dance hall for use as a chapel. Campus Crusade soon constructed a dormitory and
cafeteria complex, called Arrowhead Springs Village. to the east of the hotel building. In addition, a 2,300
seat amphitheater and a chapel were constructed in the late 1960s. Campus Crusade for Christ vacated the
property in 1991 for its new headquarters in Orlando, Florida. (Hillinger, 1963)
Paul Revere Williams, Architect
Paul R. Williams (1894-1980) was born in Los Angeles, shortly aftef his family moved to the city from Mem-
phis, Tennessee, where his father worked as hotel waiter. Both of his parents died by the time he was fours
years old, teaving him to be raised in a foster home.
Williams demonstrated a talent for art and architecture at an early age. Pursuing this interest was discour-
aged, however, even by his school teachers, in an era when professions of this kind were rarely pursued by
African-Americans. Undaunted, he enrolled at the University of Southern California and soon distinguished
himself, winning his first design awards while he was still a student. Paul Williams married Oella Mae Givens in
1917.
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (10)
Paul Williams' earliest professional experiences in the field of architecture came in the offices of Reginald
Johnson and John C. Austin, both prominent and important architectural practices in Southern California dUr-
ing the 1920s. He remained at the latter firm for nearly three years, until he established his own practice in
1922. Over the course of the 1920s, Williams built an extensive architectural practice based primarily on resi-
dential design, which trended increasingly towards elegant homes for affluent, and mainly white, clients in
the upscale neighborhoods of Los Angeles.
The year after he set up his practice, Williams joined the Southern California chapter of the American Institute
of Architects, becoming this national organization's first black member. In later years, he was elected by his
peers as a Fellow of the AlA, becoming the first black architect to be awarded this distinction.
Matters of race, and his triumph over discrimination, was a prominent feature of Williams' life story and his
architectural practice. Among his accommodations to racism, Paul Williams taught himself to draw upside-
down, so that he could sketch from across the table from white clients who were unaccustomed or unwilling
to sit beside a black man.
During the 1930s, Williams' architectural practice grew steadily, to the extent which, even during the depths
of the Great Depression, he was still receiving a large number of residential commissions. It was during this
period when Williams began amassing an impressive list of clients from the Southern California entertainment
industry, for whom he designed traditional yet contemporary homes in Period Revival styles, including the
English Tudor, Georgian, Regency and Mediterranean modes.
Unlike much of the Period Revival work designed by architects during the 1920s and 1930s, which tended to
affect historical authenticity, Witliams cultivated an approach which was lighter in massing and less dogmatic
in detailing. Some of his notable commissions during this period included the E,L. Cord Residence, Beverly
Hills (1931); the William Collins Residence, Hancock Park (1932); and the Jay Paley Residence in Bel Air
(1934).
Though it remained a relatively smaU part of his overall practice, Williams branched out into commercial work
during the late 1930s, designing the Music Corporation of America Building in Beverly Hills (1937). the inte-
rior of the Saks Fifth Avenue building in Beverly Hills (1939) and the Arrowhead Springs Hotel near San Ber-
nardino (1939, with Gordon Kaufmann). The MeA Building earned him an Award of Merit from the AlA.
By 1940, Williams was expressing an active interest in public housing. That year he headed the architectural
team which designed the Pueblo Del Rio housing project in Los Angeles. During the 1940s he participated in
the design of a number of other public housing projects, both within and outside of the Los Angeles area.
With the advent of World War II, Williams signed up to serve as an architect for the US Navy, during which
time he designed buildings for the Roosevett Navat Base at Long Beach. Some of Williams' notable postwar
projects include additions to the Beverly Wilshire Hotel (1946) and Beverly Hills Hotel (1947), a wing added
to the Ambassador Hotel and Perino's Restaurant (Los Angeles, 1949), as well as countless residences for the
Hollywood elite. Stylistically, the postwar years found Williams following the architectural trend away from
traditionalism and towards more straight-forward expressions of Modernism, though as always, with a flare for
the accessible and populist. His work during this period frequently took him out of Los Angeles, and often to
Latin America.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Williams continued to design residences for his familiar clientele, but he also
more actively IJursued larger-scale commercial and institutional work. Notable projects during these decades
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (11)
included the Desi Arnaz and Lucile Ball Residence in Palm Springs (1954), the Los Angeles County Courthouse
(1955, collaboration) and a number of schools, churches and automobile dealerships. Williams retired from his
remarkably prolific half-century of practice in 1973. He died Seven years Later.
Architectural historian David Gehbard credits Williams not only for his excellence as an architect, but for his
determination to succeed in the field in an era so starkLy defined by race:
The self-assured atmosphere of his designs has made them continuously popular, not only with the upper
middle class, but also with his feLlow architects. Williams was without question one of America's foremost
architects of those years, and while this is in part an affirmative action comment on the slow transforma-
tion of racial relations experienced in the United States, in the end it was due to Paul R. Williams' own
gentle but strong perseverance. (Hudson, 1993: 28)
Gordon Bernie Kaufmann, Architect
Gordon B. Kaufmann (1888-1949) was born in London and educated in Great Britain. After working in archi-
tectural firms in Germany, he moved to Canada in 1910, where he was employed by firms in Montreal, Winni-
peg and Vancouver, before relocating to Los Angeles in 1914. There, he became an employee in the architec-
turaL practice of Reginald Johnson, one of Southern California's premier residential designers.
In 1920 Johnson, along with Kaufmann and Roland Coate, formed the short-lived partnership of Johnson,
Kaufmann and Coate. All three were already known for their work individually in the Period Revival styles, par-
ticularly the Mediterranean and Monterey Revival modes. The firm specialized in large-scale residential pro-
jects for wealthy clients, mainly in Pasadena. Occasionally branching out beyond residential work, the firm
also designed the Hale Observatory and Laboratory in Pasadena in 1924.
After the partnership dissolved in 1925, Gordon Kaufmann established an individual practice consisting mainly
of substantial residential commissions designed in the Mediterranean style. Within a few years, however, the
reach of Kaufmann's practice began to extend into commercial and institutional projects, and he also ventured
beyond the popular Mediterranean style into Modernism.
In 1925, Kaufmann, along with landscape architect Edward Huntsman-Trout, entered into a lengthy and pro-
ductive relationship with Scripps College in Claremont, California, planning the campus and designing its
buildings and landscape. With the design of the Royal Laundry Building in Pasadena in 1927, Kaufmann initi-
ated an interest in engineering solutions to unusual architectural problems, particularly those involving water,
which characterized the rest of his career.
Prominent commissions over the next few years induded several buildings for the California Institute of Tech-
nology in Pasadena (1930), a bathouse and pool for Warner Hot Springs Hotel (1930}, and the Times-Mirror
Building in Los Angeles (1931), as well as numerous large residences. One project during this period for which
Gordon Kaufmann would become particularly renowned was his work on the Boulder (Hoover) Dam project,
begun in 1931.
Originally retained by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to design buildings in nearby Boulder City, once on site,
Kaufmann would also be asked to suggest architectural treatments for the already designed engineering works
at the dam. Over the next two years, Kaufmann transformed the dam and powerhouse into a major architec-
tural statement in the StreamLine Moderne style. This form of popular Modernism would define the architec-
ture of the Great Depression in general, and 1930s WPA public works projects in particular.
C-14
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (12)
Kaufmann's triumph at Hoover Dam led to additional contracts with the Bureau of Reclamation to design ar-
chitectural treatments for numerous other Depression-era waterworks, including Norris and Wheeler dams for
the Tennessee Valley Authority (1933), Parker Dam (1931-38), Grand Coulee Dam (1933-41) and Shasta Dam
(1938-45). Although he spent much of his early career designing fine residences and institutional buildings in
the Period Revival styles, Gordon Kaufmann is especially notable for his contributions to the design of some of
the nation's most prominent public works.
Kaufmann was named a Fellow of AlA in 1938. He died in 1949.
Edward Huntsman-Trout, Landscape Architect
Edward Huntsman-Trout (1889-1974) was born Edward Huntsman in Ontario, Canada. When his mother died,
he was raised, and eventually adopted, by a great-aunt and uncle in Toronto, the Trouts. His birth family name
was retained as his middle name, which he later hyphenated with his adoptive family name for professional
purposes.
In 1903 he was sent to live in the family's winter home in Florida. Over the next few years, the youth was
introduced to horticulture through employment at an exotic plant seed business. In 1908 the family moved to
Hollywood. Upon graduating from Hollywood High School, Huntsman-Trout enrolled at the University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley, graduating with a degree in Botany in 1913. After three years study at the School of land-
scape Architecture at Harvard University, he was employed by a landscape architect in Boston, where he re-
mained until 1917, when he enlisted in the military and was posted to France. (Bryant, 1982: 4-6; California
Death Records)
With the end of the war, Huntsman-Trout returned to Los Angeles after a brief stay in Cleveland, taking a po-
sition with the Beverly Hills Nursery. In addition to selling plant materials, the nursery also provided land-
scape contracting and landscape design services to affluent customers throughout the area. It was through
his work in the landscape architecture department of the nursery where Huntsman-Trout was introduced not
only to Southern California landscape design and the wealthy residents of Beverly Hills, Holmby Hill and Bel
Air, but also to a number of notable area architects. Many of these architects became design collaborators
over the course of his career. (Bryant, 1982: 11-12)
In 1922 or 1923 Huntsman-Trout established an independent landscape architecture practice in Hollywood, in
which he ca rried on his relationships with upscale clientele, as well as with the numerous prominent archi-
tects with whom he'd become acquainted during his employment at the Beverly Hills Nursery. During the dec-
ades of the 1920s and 1930s, Huntsman-Trout designed at least eight projects in collaboration with Gordon B.
Kaufmann, three with Morgan, Walls and Clements, and four with Paul R. Williams. Through his lengthy career,
he also worked with H. Roy Kelly, Parkinson and Parkinson, and John Byers, among other important regional
architects.
To the extent Huntsman-Trout developed a trademark style of landscape design, it was responsive to the popu-
lar semitropical imagery of Southern California through the use of exotic and native plants. He was particu-
larly opposed to the use of lawns outside of recreational areas. His interest in architectural design often mani-
fested itself in paving treatments and other constructed garden-related features.
The bulk of his work was residential, but to a limited extent, his practice also included commercial and insti-
tutional projects. Most notable of his commissions was his work (with Gordon Kaufmann) on the master plan
for Scripps College, begun in 1925. He designed a garden for CBS studio head Jay PaleJl's Holmby Hills resi-
dence (designed by Paul Williams) in 1936. In 1939 he again collaborated with Kaufmann and Williams on the
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel {13)
reconstruction of the Arrowhead Springs Hotel. After working on military projects during World War II,
Huntsman-Trout reestablished his practice in Beverly Hills in 1945, which he maintained until his death in
1974. (Birnbaum, 2000: 184-188; Streatfield, 1994: 136)
5. Potential Historic Resources
Table 1 below summarizes the properties evaluated in this report.
BuildinQ Number/Name
I-Hotel/Steam Caves*
2-Pool, Cabanas, Tennis Courts*
3-Bungalow 1 *
4a-Bungalow 3*
4b-Bungalow 5 *
4c-Bungalow 5*
4d-Bungalow 6*
5-Bungalow 7*
6-Bungalow 8*
7-Bungalow 9*
8-Bungalow 10*
9-Mud Baths*
10-Garage (Hill Auditorium)
II-Hacienda
12-Smith Memorial*
13-Indian Statue*
14-Spring House
IS-Quonset Huts
16-Reservoir*
17-Springs*
18-Fountains*
19-Terrace and Tennis Courts*
20-Arrowhead Pool
21-Maintenance Buildings
22-Chapel
23-Bungalow 11
24-Sierra Room
25-0utdoor Theater
26-Village Complex/Creekside lodge
27-Canyon View Offices
28-lake Vonnette
29-Sewer Plant
Landscape Elements *
Miscellaneous features*
*eligible elements
TABLE 1
Properties Evaluated
Historic Period
1939-1955
1939-1955
1904-1938
1904-1938
1904-1938
1904-1938
1904-1938
1904-1938
1904-1938
1904-1938
1904-1938; 1938-1955
1904-1938 ?
1939-1955
1939-1955
1863-1883; 1883-1895
1904-1938
1939-1955
1939-1955
uncertain
uncertain
1904-1938
1904-1938
vanous
various
Date(s) of Construction
1939
1939
c. 1929
c. 1936; c. 1939
c. 1936
c. 1936
c. 1936
c. 1936
c. 1936
c. 1936
c. 1929, c. 1940
before 1931
c. 1939
uncertain
c. 1875-1885
1924
c. 1945
c. 1945
uncertai n
uncertai n
c. 1904
c. 1925
1957
after 1962
1969
1982
1982
after 1962
1968, 1983
1968-1969
after 1962
after 1962
various
various
The majority of the buildings in Table 1, above, were less than 50 years of age at the time of this report, and
consequently were not subject to further eligibility evaluation. The buildings evaluated in detail below were
at least 50 years of age, or had been previously determined to be eligible. [Figure 3]
Arrowhead Springs Hotel. The hotel building is roughly an "X" in plan and consists of a central mass six sto-
ries in height flanked by one, two and four-story wings projecting at obtuse angles, opening towards the
north and south. The central mass is stepped and terminates in a truncated hipped roof topped by cresting.
The wings feature flat, parapeted roofs. The building is constructed of poured-in-place concrete.
C-16
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFf Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (14)
The hotel building features two prominent elevations, northern and southern. The northern elevation is char-
acterized by a neoclassical two-story main entrance centered on the elevation consisting of a projecting
gable-roofed portico defined by flat pilasters with compressed ionic capitals, and an architrave and pediment
featuring a circular vent detail. Centered within this elevation is an inset double-door entry topped by an
oversized broken pediment decorated with scroll and pineapple motifs and flanked by lanterns. Rising above
the entry is three stories of guest rooms denoted by bands of six-over-six sash windows. A two-story pent-
house is stepped back slightly from the main mass of the elevation. The penthouse elevation is characterized
by sash windows with broad casing and separated by pairs of pilasters. A wide, undecorated cornice wraps the
penthouse below the boxed eaves.
Projecting to the east of the northern elevation is the one-story theater wing. This elevation features a series
of inset panels decorated with medallions in relief. The shallow roof is set back behind a low parapet. The
two-story, flat-roofed wing projecting to the west features flat pilasters topped by compressed ionic capitals.
Two additional double-door entries separated by a Large plate glass window above a bulkhead planter box are
located under a shed roof. [Photo 1]
The southern elevation of the hotel features two, four-story guest room wings projecting at an obtuse from
the building's six-story centraL mass, which consists of a ground floor defined by a semicircular projecting
portico enclosed with floor-to-ceiling glass doors. The five upper fLoors are defined by bands of six-over-six
sash windows on the four stories above the ground floor, and three, tall hooded projecting balconies at the
sixth floor penthouse leveL The balconies are accessed by French doors featuring French Provincial-styLe trac-
ery. The mass of this elevation is further articulated by both vertical and horizontal string courses.
The western projecting wing is characterized by a flat, parapeted roof and rows of narrow projecting balconies
divided into bays by shallow wing walls. The balconies are accessed via pairs of French doors. The eastern
wing features inset balconies topped with pipe-rails. [Photo 2]
The Steam Caves are located near the bottom of the West Fork of Hot Water Canyon, immediately to the west
of the hotel, and are accessed by means of an elevator. They consist of semicircular flagstone masonry walls
constructed on benches on the canyon sides. Concrete tunnels extend into the hillside. [Photo 3]
Ground was broken for the construction of the hotel in January, 1939 and it was opened to the public the
following December. The building was designed by the important Los Angeles architects Gordon Kaufmann and
Paul Williams. The interiors of the hotel, including the pillared lobby and ornate dining areas and bar, as well
as many of the furnishings, were de~igned by Dorothy Draper and Company of New York. [Photo 4]
Known alterations to the hotel include the enclosure of the semicircular portico on the southern end of the
lobby to create a cocktail lounge in 1951. Other renovations to the interior also occurred during the early
1950s, the precise extent of which is not currently known. The Steam Caves area has been considerably im-
pacted by brush fires, which have destroyed the frame portions of this feature.
Pool and Cabanas. The pool area consists of a large concrete swimming pool flanked by two cabana buildings.
The in-ground swimming pool is characterized by undulating concrete coping on the longer east and west
sides. The brick and frame cabanas, located on the east and west sides of the pool, feature a center locker
room pavilion flanked by cabana rooms opening towards the pool. Abuve and to the north of the pool is a
terrace and stairway. Tennis courts are located nearby to the east. The pool area was constructed in 1939,
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAfT Histone Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (15)
along with the hotel. The only known alterations are the removal of three diving boards, including a stylish
concrete high-dive, from the southern end of the pool. [Photo 5]
Bungalow 1. This one story wood frame residence is roughly a U-plan enclosing a large terrace opening to-
wards the south and features stucco-clad walls and a Spanish tile roof. This buHdin9 was probably constructed
circa 1929, in connection with the plans for expansion of the hotel facilities announced for that year. The
designer of the building is not known. It appears to be essentially unaltered. [Photo 6J
Bungalows 3, 4, 5 and 6. These one story, stucco-clad wood frame residences are irregular in plan and fea-
ture gable roofs covered with Spanish tile. Windows are mainly steel casements. They are similar in design,
and were probably all constructed circa 1936 in connection with the announced intention to build six new
bungalows that year. The designer is not known. They are mainly unaltered, with the notable exception of the
later enclosure of the south-facing sun rooms to create kitchens, and a variety of small room additions. These
alterations probably occurred when they were converted from hotel rooms to full-time residences during the
1960s or 1970s. Bungalow No.3 appears to have been moved to its current site from its original location
roughly 100 feet to the northwest, probably when the existing access road on the north side of the hotel was
constructed in 1939. [Photo 7]
Bungalow 7. This one story, stucco-clad wood frame residence is irregular in plan and features a side-facing
gable roof covered with Spanish tile. Windows are mainly steel casements. It was probably constructed circa
1936, as one of the six bungalows scheduled for construction that year. The designer is unknown. Apparent
alterations included the enclosure of porches and sun rooms on the southern elevation, evidently prior to
1950, and the likely conversion of an attached two-car garage to living space, probably duri ng the 1960s or
19705. The 1950 Sanborn Map of the property labels this building as the "Pike Bungalow." The historical asso-
ciations of this name are not currently known, but this reference suggests that this building was utilized as a
residence for a hotel employee, rather than as guest quarters. [Photo 8]
Bungalow 8. This one story, stucco-clad wuod frame residence is irregular in plan and features a side-facing
gable roof covered with Spanish tile. Windows are mainly steel casements. It was probably constructed circa
1936, as one of the six bungalows scheduled for construction that year. The designer is unknown. Apparent
alterations induded the enclosure of a porch on the southern elevation, evidently prior to 1950. The 1950
Sanborn Map of the property labels this building as the "Martin Bungalow." The historical associations of this
name are not currently known, but this reference suggests that this building was utilized as a residence for a
hotel employee, rather than as guest quarters. [Photo 9)
Bungalow 9. This one story, stucco-clad wood frame residence is irregular in plan and features a hip roof cov-
ered with Spanish tile. Windows are mainly steel casements. It was probably constructed circa 1936, as one of
the six bungal.ows scheduled for construction that year. The designer is unknown. Apparent alterations in-
cluded the enclosure of a porch on the southern elevation to create a kitchen, evidently during the 1960s or
19705. The 1950 Sanborn Map of the property labels this building as the "Fichett Bungalow." The historical
associations of this name are not currently known, but this reference suggests that this building was utilized
as a residence for a hotel employee, rather than as guest quarters. [Photo 10]
Bungalow 10. This one story, stucco-dad wood frame residence in an H-plan features intersecting hip roofs
covered with Spanish tile and a landscaped entry courtyard featuring a Mexican tiled, octagonal fountain on
the northern side. Windows are mainly wood casements. It was probably constructed circa 1929, in connection
with the plans for expansion of the hotel facilities announced for that year. Architectural evidence, primarily
on the interior, suggests it was remodeled circa 1940. The original designer of the building is not known. but
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFf Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (16)
the alterations may have been designed by Paul Williams or Gordon Kaufmann, the architects for the 1939
hotel. Apparent alterations afterwards induded the enclosure of a porch on the southern elevation, probably
after 1950. The 1950 Sanborn Map of the property labels this building as the "Schenck Bungalow," suggesting
it was used by 20th Century Fox chairman Joseph M. Schenck, one of the principal investors in the 1939 ho-
tel, rather than as guest quarters. [Photo 11]
Mud Baths. The mud baths are composed of several structures. Most prominent of these is a shallow, rectan-
gular basin with a concrete floor and mortared stone walls supported by shallow buttresses. Within the basin
are a number of stone columns, which presumably supported catwalks, which are no longer extant. A small,
stone equipment enclosure is located to the north of the basin. A stone-lined flume feeds the basin to the
north. The function of these facilities was to heat therapeutic muds with hot spring water. After 1939, these
muds were transported into the hotel, where they filled concrete treatment tubs used by the guests. The date
of this feature could not be definitively determined. Hot mud haths were located in this approximate location
at least as early as 1894, and similar features are pictured in early hotel literature, so it could conceivably
date in whole or part from either the 1888-1895 or the 1904-1938 hotel periods. [Photo 12]
Garage (Hill Auditorium). This one story wood frame building with a truss roof covered with rolled roofing is
rectangular in plan. Two large wing walls project from the western elevation, forming a forecourt covered by
an attached wood frame pergola. The first garages known to have been constructed at the Arrowhead Springs
Hotel were built circa 1925, near the beginning of the automobile era at the hoteL These buildings, which
were probably wood frame construction and located on or near the present garage building site, were probably
lost in the 1938 fire. The present building was probably constructed in 1939 to replace it. The designer is un-
known. The building was apparently converted to an auditorium use in 1958 and altered again in 1990, at
which time the forecourt was presumably added. [Photo 13]
Hacienda. This one story stucco-clad wood frame residence building is constructed in roughly an L-plan. It
features numerous medium-pitched gable roofs and a variety of window types. It cannot be definitely shown
to have existed at its current location prior to 1950, although the architectural and historical evidence sug-
gests an earlier date of construction. It was likely to have been constructed by combining a number of build-
ings salvaged from other locations. During the U.S. Navy's occupation of the hotel (1944-46), this building
was used as officer's quarters. Clearly discernible recent alterations include the replacement of many windows
with modern aluminum sliders. [Photo 14]
Smith Memorial. This small cemetery consists of a marble obelisk on a granite base surrounded by three
head-stones. This is the burial site of Oavid Noble Smith (1831-85), the founder of Smith's Infirmary and the
first to construct a spa on the site of Arrowhead Springs. Also buried here are his daughter Mary Amaret Smith
(1878-1881) and a friend, Frank B. Stebbins (1845-1875). The date the cemetery was established is not
known, but it may be presumed that it began with the death of Stebbins in 1875 and the marker erected
shortly after Oavid Smith's death in 1885. The shaft of the obelisk has apparently been broken at least twice
and repaired. [Photo 15]
Indian Statue. This 13-foot high statue of an American Indian is cast of concrete and rests on a concrete
block platform. The sculptor was J. L. Root, about whom nothing is presently known. Originally designed to be
integrated into a stone archway spanning the roadway at the entrance to the hotel grounds in 1924, it was
moved to its current location in 1976. [Photo 16]
Spring House. This one story wood frame stucco-clad building features a flat roof and a small covered entry
porch supported by wood posts on the northern elevation. The windows are wood frame. The date of construc-
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (17)
tion for this building is uncertain, but based on the architectural evidence, it was likely constructed by the
u.s. Navy during its use of the property, 1944-46. It was probably constructed roughly 300 feet to the north
of its present location and moved to its current site after 1950. It appears to be moderately altered, with the
enclosure of window and door openings, and possibly stucco over original wood cladding.
Quonset Huts. This is a grouping of five, small corrugated steel steel buildings organized in an attached,
sawtooth pattern. Their date of construction is uncertain, but based on the architectural evidence, they were
likely constructed by the by the U.S. Navy during its use of the property, 1944-46. They were probably con-
structed roughly 300 feet to the south of their present locations as detached buildings and moved to the cur-
rent site after 1950. The doorways on the southern elevations appear to be somewhat altered, and the build-
ings have been sprayed with a texture coating material.
ReselVoir. This water storage structure is rectangular in plan and covered with a wood frame side-facing gable
roof. The date of construction is uncertain, but this site has been the location of the hotel's domestic water
supply storage since at least 1931. The current improvements probably date from 1939.
Landscape and Miscellaneous Features.
Although the most prominent feature of the Arrowhead Springs property is the 1939 hotel, the property
should be understood as an evolving historical landscape, the product of approximately 140 years of historical
use. The large number of buildings, structures and objects distributed throughout the property makes the
creation of a complete accounting of these features at this level of investigation problematic. Further, given
the limited historical documentation currently available, particularly from the earlier periods of habitation and
use, dates of construction for many of these features are difficult to establish confidently. Therefore, the fol-
lowing inventory is more representative than complete and necessarily somewhat speculative with respect to
dating.
Springs, Fountains and other Water Features. The Arrowhead Springs site contains as many as 25 hot and
cold springs, a number of which were improved for resort use. Most apparent of these are the springs which
feed the Steam Caves adjacent to the 1939 hoteL Of particular historical interest is PenvuQal Sprinq, located
in Hot Water Canyon, west of the hotel. At over 2000 F, the water from this spring is reputed to be the hot-
test flowing from a spring anywhere in the world. A concrete and fieldstone seating area was created around
these springs, possibly prior to 1904. [Photo 17] Also of historical interest is Granite Sprinqs, located to the
northwest of the hotel, on the west side of Hot Springs Canyon. It was known to be improved with a stone
and concrete cistern prior to 1917. Whether these improvements are extant today is unknown. (Bailey, 1917:
18-20)
Palm Hot Springs are located to the northeast of the hotel. They formerly fed a hot water plunge located east
of the hotel and also fed a series of descending ponds down the slope. The plunge was evidently removed in
1939, but the shallow concrete-lined ponds and channeL with boulder walls extending for rouyhly 300 feet
along the east side of the hotel remain. The date of construction for these features is presently unknown, but
they were apparently in existence prior to 1917. (Bailey, 1917: 20-21)
Fountains. Two concrete and stone fountains are located near the southern edge of the lawn area extending
south from the hotel's southern etevation. A single four-lipped bowl roughly two feet in diameter balances on
a tapered column, to an overall height of approximately four feet. The fountain base is defined by a stone
masonry pool in a quatrefoil plan, roughly six feet in diameter. The western fountain is missing the bowl.
Based on stylistic evidence, it is probable that these fountains were constructed in 1904 along with the third
Arrowhead Springs hotel. They were documented by Edward Huntmans- Trout during his preparations for de-
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Hlstoric Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (18)
signing the landscape plan for the 1939 hoteL He proposed covering them with freestanding pergolas, an im-
provement which was evidently never constructed. [Photo 18]
Arrowhead PooL. Located on the lawn to the south of the hotel is a swimming pool constructed in a plan
representing an abstracted arrowhead. It was added to the property in 1957. At some point after the closure
of the hotel, the pool was filled with soil and planted with lawn, leaving only the concrete coping exposed.
Terrace and Tennls Courts. A broad, concrete terrace cut into the hillside at the far southern edge of the lawn
features two staircases providing access to tennis courts below. These improvements were probably con-
structed circa 1925 and may have been designed by Arthur B. Benton. Although the tennis courts are in a
state of disuse and disrepair, these features appears to be unaltered. [Photo 19]
landscape ELements. It is unclear to what extent the existing landscape elements are a result of a plan de-
signed by the landscape architect for the 1939 hotel reconstruction, Edward Huntsman-Trout. Historic photo-
graphs of the property indicate that a substantial number of trees and shrubs were already well established on
the property prior to 1939, a large proportion of which could be expected to have survived the 1938 fire and
been incorporated into these plans. Although no final landscape plans for the property have been located,
Huntsman-Trout is known to have prepared numerous studies and alternatives for the property, induding both
landscape and hardscape treatments. Historic photographs of the hotel taken during and shortly after the
completion of the hotel suggest that new landscape materials were introduced in 1939, particularly in the
immediate vicinity of the hotel building.
Miscellaneous Features. A substantial number of additional features, potentially built during historic periods,
are located throughout the property. These features include walls, roads, gutters and small buildings. Due to
the size, terrain and overgrown nature of the property, not all of these buildings and structures could be read-
ily cataloged and dated, or in some cases, observed. Therefore, the existence of some should be regarded as
unverified. In particular, a small passenger shelter is known to have existed until at least recently in the vi-
cinity of the terminus of the Arrowhead Springs Pacific Electric line. This structure could not be located in
field surveys, but if it remains, would probably represent the last artifact from the rail line which provided
access to the hotel grounds for over 25 years. An outdoor fireplacejbar-b-cue is located west of the pool!
tennis courts feature. It is of indeterminate age and origin. [Photo 20]
6. EliglbHlty of Historic Resources
National and California Registers: Significance, Eligibility and Integrity
The Arrowhead Springs property is eligible for the NRHP and under Criterion A and the CRHR under Criterion
1 (significant historical events) for its association with the "health seeker" movement, an important historical
and cultural developmental theme in Southern California, which was driven in large part by the railroad-
inspired real estate boom of the late l880s. As an important regional resort, it likewise played an important
role in the physical, social and economic development of the San Bernardino region. During its most recent
historic developmental phase, the 1939-1955 era, the property was closely associated with the regionally im-
portant Southern California entertainment industry, becoming, if only briefly, one the Hollywood culture's
more far-flung outposts.
The property does not appear to be potentially eligible under NRHP Criterion Band CRHR Criterion 2 (lives of
persons significant in our past). Although a number historically significant individuals are associated with the
property, the property does not appear to have played a notable or important role in the lives of these indi-
viduals or is representative of their contributions or accomplishments.
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (19)
The Arrowhead Springs property is eligible for the NRHP eligible under Criterion C and the CRHR under Crite-
rion 3 (design and construction), for its association with four master designers: Paul R. Williams, Gordon B.
Kaufmann, Edward Huntsman-Trout and Dorothy Draper. Williams and Kaufmann were among a relatively smaU
group of Southern California architectural. practitioners during the 1920s and 1930s to be closely identified
with the evolution and development of a Southern California regional architectural style. Although the work of
landscape architect Edward Huntsman-Trout is not as fully documented, he is counted among the pioneers in
regional landscape design.
When the firm was awarded the commission to design the interiors of the Arrowhead Springs Hotel, Dorothy
Draper and Company of New York was entering a period of considerable notoriety which began with the Hamp-
shire House hotel project in New York City in 1937. Arrowhead Springs was the firm's first commission in Cali-
fornia, and one of only three known in the state. The other two projects, the Fainnont and Mark Hopkins ho-
tels in San Francisco, were undertaken during the 1940s. Draper was likely chosen for the Arrowhead Springs
project because of her recently-established reputation as a designer, and because her trademark free-historical
style melded particularly well with the similar approach to historicism characterizing Paul Williams' work dur-
ing the period.
National Register Criterion D (CRHR 4) refers to archeology, and therefore does not apply to this eval.uation.
Buildings, structures and objects contributing to this eligibility are listed and noted with an asterisk (*) in
Table 1, above. The period of significance for the property begins with David Noble Smith's initial efforts to
develop a spa on the property in 1863, to 1955, fifty years ago as of this writing. All features constructed
during the period of significance, as well as those listed in Table 1 as "uncertain" and "various" should be
regarded as eligible for purposes of the environmental analysis. Ineligible elements include those which are
currently less than 50 years of age, and those which should be regarded as ineligible due to alterations.
Properties Less Than 50 Years of Age
Properties less than 50 years of age may be eligible if they can be found to be "exceptionaL" While no hard
and fast definition for "exceptional" is provided in the N RHP literature, the special language developed to
support nominating these properties was clearly intended to accommodate properties which demonstrate a
level of importance such that their historical significance can he understood without the passage of time. In
general, according to NRHP literature, eligible "exceptional" properties may include, "resources so fragil.e that
survivors of any age are unusuaL [Exceptionalness] may be a function of the relative age of a community and
its perceptions of old and new. It may be represented by a building or structure whose developmental or de-
sign value is quickly recognized as historically significant by the architectural or engineering profession [or] it
may be reflected in a range of resources for which the community has an unusually strong associative attach-
ment." None of the subject properties in the study area appear to rise to the exceptional level.
Integrity Discussion
The integrity of location for Arrowhead Spring property is intact; two small buildings have apparently been
moved, but only slightly and within their historicat settings. The integrity of design of the property is very
good. The historical physical relationships between the individual elements, dominated by the hotel building
but not limited to it, remain intact. The design integrity of some of the individual elements are somewhat
compromised, but mainly without a loss of their essential character-defining features or their spatial relation-
ships within the property as a whole. The mountainous setting for the property is almost entirely intact. Few
encroachments by recent urban development which characterizes the San Bernardino area are in evidence on
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs HoteL (20)
the Arrowhead Springs property. To the extent that the buildings on the property exhibit design integrity,
their integrity of materials and workmanship are also intact. The integrity of feeling and association of the
property is somewhat compromised, given that the property is no longer used for its original purpose. On a
whole, the Arrowhead Springs property appears to possess sufficient integrity to be eligible for listing on the
NRHP and CRHR under criteria A and C, and 1 and 3, respectively.
7. Project Impacts
Due to this property's eligibility for listing on the NRHP and CRHR, the proposed project should be regarded as
producing potentially significant and adverse impacts on the environment, as defined by CEOA.
1. According to the Master Plan, "... the hotel will be renovated to its original splendor in keeping with its
1940-50s Art Deco/Dorothy Dreper [sic] style." The specific approach, and the standards to be utilized in
connection with this renovation effort, are not spelled out in the Master Plan. Further, unlike "rehabilita-
tion" and "preservation," the term "renovation" has no generally understood definition or meaning within
the practice of historic preservation. Consequently, the language within the Master Plan is insufficient to
conclude that the exterior and interior historic architectural features of the hotel and Steam Caves will be
preserved and missing or/and damaged features restored in an historically appropriate manner, which may
lead to a loss of design integrity for the building. This should be regarded as a significant, adverse envi-
ronmental impact which can be mitigated to a less than adverse level.
2. The land use and circulation plans for the project calls for the introduction of several new roads and
bridges on the Arrowhead Springs property. The development standards contained within the Master Plan,
although not final in nature, suggest that existing roads, where utilized, will be widened and recon-
structed in accordance with standard engineered City of San Bernardino cross-sections, resulting in sig-
nificant alterations to the existing informal historical character of the roadways which currently lack
curbs and in some instances include stone and concrete gutter systems. This should be regarded as a sig-
nificant, adverse environmental impact which can be mitigated to a less than adverse level.
3. The Master Plan specifies the construction of numerous additional facilities in connection with the devel~
opment of the hotel as a conference center. These plans call for "a new 115-room Annex [to] be con-
structed nearby... In addition to the existing 10,000 square foot conference facility inside the existing
hotel, a new state~of~the-art 25,000 square foot Conference Center and associated meeting facilities will
be constructed." The location and design of these new facilities are not specified in the Master Plan, but
it can be assumed that they will be located in close proximity to the historic hotel building, and poten~
bally, on a site that may contain other historic architectural and landscape features, which may lead to a
loss of design and setting integrity for the hotel and design integrity for the property as a whole. This
should be regarded as a significant, adverse environmental impact which can be mitigated to a less than
adverse level.
4. The proposed land use plan will result in the demolition of Bungalows 3, 7,8, 9, 10 and 11, buildings
which contribute to the historical significance of the property. This activity should be regarded as a sig-
nificant, adverse environmental impact which cannot be mitigated to a less than adverse level.
5. The proposed Master Plan will result in the introduction of land uses which will substantially alter the
existing historic and natural setting of the Arrowhead Springs property. This activity should be regarded
as a significant, adverse environmental impact which cannot be mitigated to a less than adverse level.
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs HoteL (21)
8. Mitigation Measures and ResiduaL Impacts
A principte of environmental impact mitigation is that some measure or combination of measures may, if in-
corporated into a project, serve to avoid or reduce significant and adverse impacts to a historic resource. In
reference to mitigating impacts on historic resources, the CEQA Guidelines state:
Where maintenance, repair, stabilization, rehabilitation, restoration, preservation, conservation or recon-
struction of the historical resource will be conducted in a manner consistent with the Secretary of the
Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating,
Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings (1995), Weeks and Grimmer, the project's impact on the
historicat resource shall generally be considered mitigated below a level of significance and thus is not
significant. (PRC g15126.4 (h)(l))
These standards, developed by the National Park Service, represent design guidelines for carrying out historic
preservation, restoration and rehabilitation projects. The Secretary's Standards and the supporting literature
describe historic preservation principles and techniques, and offers recommended means for carrying them
out. Adhering to the Standards is the only method described within CEQA for reducing project impacts on his-
toric resources to less than significant and adverse levels.
The demolition of an historic property cannot be seen as conforming with the Secretary of the Interior's Stan-
dards. Therefore, the absolute loss of an historic property should generally be regarded as an adverse envi-
ronmental impact which cannot be mitigated to a less than significant and adverse level. Further, the useful-
ness of documentation of an historic resource, through photographs and measured drawings, as mitigation for
its demolition, is limited by the CEQA Guidelines, which state:
In some circumstances, documentation of an historical resource, by way of historic narrative, photographs
or architectural drawings, as mitigation for the effects of demolition of the resource will not mitigate the
effects to a point where clearly no significant effect on the environment would occur. (PRC ~15126.4
(b)(2))
Implied by this language is the existence of circumstances whereby documentation may mitigate the impact
of demolition to a less than significant leveL However, the conditions under which this might be said to have
occurred are not described in the Guidelines. It is also noteworthy that the existing CEOA case law does not
appear to support the concept that the loss of an historic resource can be mitigated to less than adverse im-
pact levels by means of documentation or commemoration. (League for Protection of Oakland's Architectural
and Historic Resources v. City of Oakland [1997] 52 Cal.App.4th 896)
Taken in their totality, the CEQA Guidelines require a project which will have potentially adverse impacts on
historic resources to conform to the Secretary of the Interiors Standards, in order for the impacts to be miti-
gated to below significant and adverse levels. However, CEQA also mandates the adoption of feasible mitiga-
tion measures which will reduce adverse impacts, even if the residual impacts after mitigation remain signifi-
cant. Means other than the application of the Standards would necessarily be required to achieve this level of
mitigation. In determining what type of additional mitigation measures would reduce impacts to the greatest
extent feasible, best professional practice dictates considering the level of eligibility of the property, as well
as by what means it derives its significance.
Mitigation programs for impacts on historic resources tend to fall into three broad categories: documentation,
design and interpretation. Documentation techniques involve the recordation of the site according to ac-
cepted professional standards, such that the data will be available to future researchers, or for future restora-
tion efforts. Design measures could potentially include direct or indirect architectural references to a lost his-
toric property, e.g., the incorporation of historic artifacts, into the new development, or the relocation of the
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (22)
historic property to another suitable site. Interpretative measures could include commemorating a significant
historic event or the property's connection to historically significant themes.
Discussion
The following mitigation measures are proposed to lessen the impact of the project as proposed on historic
resources:
Interpretative Plan. The applicant shall be required to produce an historical interpretation plan for the prop-
erty. This plan shall include a permanent, on-site display within a public area which will provide historic in-
formation about the founding and history of Arrowhead Springs. Historic and/or contemporary photographs
and other artifacts and materials should be included within the display. Other indoor or outdoor interpretive
displays shall be produced, as appropriate. The precise content, format, and location and design shall be de-
termined by a qualified historic preservation professional, and subject to the approval by the City of San Ber-
nardino.
Documentation. The applicant shall produce a Documentation Report consisting of black and white archival.
quality photographs and measured drawings of the buildings and structures to be demolished or relocated.
Copies of the Documentation Report shall be submitted to the local archives and the San Bernardino City Li-
brary.
Rehabilitation PLan. A rehabilitation plan for all eligible buildings, structures and objects shall be developed
which shall conform to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties and be
prepared by a qualified historic preservation professional and be based to the greatest extent feasible on his-
torical data. A particular focus of the rehabilitation plan should be the hotel building, including landscaping,
interiors, exteriors and furnishings.
Comprehensive Survey. The applicant shall compile a comprehensive inventory of historic features on the
property, including but not limited to buildings, structures, objects, water features, wall, and landscape mate-
rials. To the greatest extent feasible, the preservation and rehabilitation of historic features on the property
shall be incorporated into the development plan.
Impacts After Mitigation
The application of the above mitigation measures will reduce the adverse impacts of the proposed project on
historic resources, but due to the planned loss of historic resources, the residual impacts after mitigation will
remain significant and adverse.
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs HoteL (23)
9. SeLected Sources
Architect and Engineer. V. 141. June 1940. p. 20- illus.
Arrowhead Hot Springs. Pamphlet materials from 1900 to 1905 [3 brochures]. On file, San Bernardino County
Library Administration Branch., San Bernardino, CA.
Arrowhead Springs Hotel, San Bernardino," Architect and Engineer, v. 141. June 1940, p. 20.
Summary of a report on the Arrowhead Hot Springs, San Bernardino, California: California's ideal resort. Ar-
rowhead, Calif.: Arrowhead Hot Springs Company, 1910.
Bailey, Gilbert Ellis. Arrowhead Springs, Cabfornia's Ideal Spa. Los Angeles: The Union Lithograph Co., 1917.
Birnbaum, Charles A. and Robin Karson (eds). Pioneers of Landscape Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Bryant, Lynn Marie. Edward Huntsman-Trout: Landscape Architect. University of California, Los Angeles, 1982.
Unpublished manuscript.
California Revue, Pasadena. June 1928, p. 30.
Crump, Spenser. Ride the Big Red Cars: The Padfic Electric Story. Glendale: Trans-Anglo Books, 1983.
Daily Variety. September 9, 1941. p. 7.
Decorative Furnisher. April 1940. p. 12-21.
Dumke, Glenn S. The Boom of the Eighties in Southern California. San Marino, Ca.: Huntington Library, 1944.
Freidrich, Otto. City Of Nets: A Portrait Of Hollywood In The 19405. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1997.
Gledhill, Christine. Stardom: Industry of Desire. New York: Routledge, 1991.
Hale, Edson. The County Of San Bernardino, California, And Its Prindpal City: A Descriptive And Histon'cal
Sketch. San Bernardino, Calif.: Board of Trade, 1888.
Heimann, Jim. Out With The Stars: Hollywood Nightlife In The Hold Era. New York: Abbeville Press, 1985.
Hudson, Karen E. Paul R. Williams, A Legacy of Style. New York: Rizzoti, 1993.
"Life visits Arrowhead Springs." Life Magazine, January 3, 1948, p. 101. Clipping on file Los Angeles Public
Library, California Vertical files.
Los Angeles Times (From Los Angeles Times Historical Archives. Proquest Database available at Los Angeles
Public library.)
"MOUNTAIN RESORT THREATENED BY FIRE" Aug 27, 1953. p.l
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs HoteL (24)
"Swig to Buy Arrowhead Springs Hotel" Aug 25, 1956. p. 15
"Big Improvement Program Under Way at Resort Hotel" Oct 6, 1957. p. FI8
"Sale Confirmed of Arrowhead Springs Hotel" Nov 27, 1959. p. 82
"Famed Arrowhead Spa Dedicated to ReLigion:Forffier Playground of Hollywood Movie Crowd Taken Over by
Campus Crusade" May 25, 1963.
A Bostonian in a California Mud Bath. Correspondence of the Globe." Dee 11, 1886. ~. 6
"ARROWHEAD HOT SPRINGS." Oct 9, 1891. p. 7
"Arrowhead Hot Springs Hotel." Jan 31, 1892. p. 8
"PROFESSOR IS THE PLAINTIFF.:ARROWHEAD HOTEL AFFAIRS GET INTO COURT; Occupant of Chair of English
at Stanford University Dissatisfied With Management and Gets Order Restraining Sale of Stock--President
Calls Charges False." Jan 31, 1909. p. 18
"PURCHASE IS UP TO BOARD.:Hospital Body to Decide on Arrowhead Proposition; Government Holds Op-
tion on Medicinal Springs; May Buy Property Any Time for $750,000." Mar 27, 1921. p. 14
"ARROWHEAD WILL REOPEN THIS WEEK:Springs Resort Completely Renovated by Marshall at Big Expendi-
ture" Jan 4, 1925. p. E4.
"PRESS IS FETED AT ARROWHEAD:Newspaper Men Are Guests at Hot Springs"
Jan 7, 1925. p. 5.
"POPULAR HOTEL OPENED AGAIN: Four Hundred Celebrate at Arrowhead Springs Hostelry Was Hospital for
Veterans After War Many Angelenos Are Among Guests of Marshalls" Jan 11, 1925. p. 14
"RESORT IS SOLD AT ARROWHEAD: Hot Springs Price is Said to be $l,500,000"
Jun 3, 1925. p. a1
"Resort Notes" Nov 29, 1925. p. G5
"NEW HOTEL PLANNED AT ARROWHEAD:Expansion Program is Announced Involving Expenditure of
$1,500,000" Mar 8, 1929. p. 14
"Cinemen Call This Vacation: The More Restful It Is, the More They Work"
Oct 20, 1935. p. b5.
"Wind-Lashed Brush Fires Destroy Malibu Homes, Arrowhead Springs Hotel"
Nov 24, 1938_
"ARROWHEAD SPRINGS HOTEL WORK TO START THIS WEEK"
Jan 17, 1939. p. 12
"SAN BERNARDINO CLUB SALE TO FILM EXECUTIVES NEARS"
Jan 30, 1939. p. A6
"Hedda Hopper's HOLLYWOOD" Nov 17, 1939. p. A12
"New Arrowhead Springs Hotel Deemed luxurious" Dee 15, 1939. p. 82
"Jolson Will Aid Hotel Oedication:Arrowhead Sprinys Ceremonies to Draw Hollywood Notables" Dec 16,
1939. p_ 13
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ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Historic Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (25)
"Arrowhead Springs Hotel May Serve as Hospital for Army:Hollywood Syndicate Reported Negotiating With
War Department Over Use of Famous Spa" Jul 25, 1941. p. AB
"Arrowhead Springs Resort Witt Be Offered at Auction:Sale Called to Satisfy Schenck-Paley Note; Bond-
holders Expected to Oppose Disposition" Oct 8, 1941. p. 14
"Arrowhead Springs Hotel to Become Navy Hospital:Announcement Made by Rear-Adm. E. L Woods at
Corona Review Honoring Seven War Heroes" Mar 9, 1944. p. A16
"Famed Resort Commissioned Navy Hospital" May 24, 1944. p. A2
"Chicagoans Buy Arrowhead Springs Hotel" Nov 8, 1946.
"Gordon B. Kaufmann, 61, Famous Architect, Dies:Times Building and Santa Anita Clubhouse Among No-
table Structures Designed" Mar 2, 1949. p. A 1
"Hilton Buys Arrowhead Springs Hotel" Mar 8, 1949. p. 20
"MOUNTAIN RESORT THREATENED BY FIRE" Aug 27, 1953. p. 1
Newland, Joseph N. (ed). Johnson Kaufmann Coate, Partners in the California Style. Claremont CA: Scripps Col-
lege, 1992.
Rest Cure Palace for Tired Movie Stars." Look Magazine. October 8, 1940. Clipping on file at Los Angeles Public
Library, California Vertical files.
Robinson, John W. The San Bernardinos: The Mountain Country From Cajon Pass To Oak Glen: Two Centuries Of
Change. Arcadia, Calif.: Big Santa Anita Historical Society, 1989.
San Bernardino Oaily Sun. (Clipping from Arrowhead Springs Vertical file, California Room, San Bernardino
Public library.)
"Screen Players. Writers Guests at Hot Springs," September 25, 1932.
"Arrowhead Springs Hotel Sold, Price Exceeds $2 1fz Million," January 9, 1960.
San Bernardino Sun (All clippings from Arrowhead Springs Vertical file, California Room, San Bernardino
Public Library.)
"Arrowhead Hotel and Bath House Contract is Awarded," December 13, 1904, p. 1.
"Arrowhead Springs Hotel Joins Huge Hilton Chain," May 28, 1951, n.p.
"Arrowhead to Reopen First of New Month:' December 30, 1924, p.l.
"Famed Resort at Arrowhead Reopens'Today." December 5, 1925. p.l1
"Noted Woman Designer Takes Rainbow's Colors for Hotel." December 17, 1931, 11. p.
"Offer Made For Purchase of Arrowhead Springs Hotel," November, 20 1959, p. B1.
"Picture Stars Participate in Full Program:' December 17, 1939
"Springs to Reopen on 'Health Basis;" November 11, 1941, p. 13.
'Troops Rushed into Action on Widening Front." August 27, 1944, p. 1.
C-29
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT Histone Resources Report: Arrowhead Springs Hotel (26)
Southern California RaiLway. A digest of southern California, 1895. p. 40-41.
Southwest Builder and Contractor. February 22, 1924, P 51; June 20, 1924, p. 56
Streatfield, David C. California Gardens: Creating a New Eden. New York: Abbeville, 1994.
The Arrowhead book: setting forth in picture and story some of the charm and beauty of Arrowhead-the
comforts of the hotel-mountain scenes, sports and the health-giving properties of the wonderful Hot
Springs. Arrowhead Hot Springs, Calif,: Arrowhead Hot Springs Co., c1914.
Swett, Ira L. 'Traction Lines of the Orange Empire: Interurbans Special No. 41." Los AngeLes: Interurbans
Magazine, VoL 24 No.1, Spring 1967.
Thompson, Richard D. This way to Arrowhead Springs. San Bernardino, Calif.: Native Sons & Daughters of the
Golden West, 1976.
Turpin, J. (2003). Interior Space: A Site for Social Criticism, Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education, 21,
107-118.
Turpin, J. (2003). Domestic Doyennes: Purveyors of Atmospheres Spoken and Visual, In. Form: The Journal of
Architecture, Design & Material Culture, 3, pp. 42-54.
Turpin, J. (2001). Omitted, Devalued, Ignored: Re-evaluating the Historical Interpretation of Women in the
History of the Interior Oesign Profession, Journal of Interior Design, 27: 1, pp. 1-11.
Turpin, J. (2000). The Doors of Dorothy Oraper: Vestiges of Victorian Manners with a Middle Class Sensibility,
In.Form: The Journal of Architecture, Design & Material Culture, 1, pp. 8-15.
Williams, Paul R. "Glamorous New Arrowhead Springs Hotel Preserves Traditions of the Original Spa," Southwest
Builder and Contractor, February 16, 1940, p. 8-10.
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PHOTO 1. Arrowhead Springs Hotel, southern elevation. (6 Nov 2004).
PHOTO 2. Arrowhead Springs Hotel, northern and western elevations. (6 Nov 2004).
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San Buenaventura Research Associates
PHOTO 3. Steam Caves, viewed from south. (6 Nov 2004).
PHOTO 4. Arrowhead Springs Hotel, interior of main dining room (5 Nuv 2004).
San Buenaventura Research Associates
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PHOTO 5. Pool and cabanas, viewed from northwest (5 Nay 2004).
PHOTO 6. Bungalow 1, southern elevation (6 Nov 2004).
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San Buenaventura Research Associates
PHOTO 7. Bungalow 4, western and southern eLevations. (6 Nov 2004).
PHOTO 8. Bungalow 7, southern elevation (6 Nov 200t,).
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San Buenaventura Research Associates
PHOTO 9. Bungalow 8, southern and western elevations (6 Nov 2004).
PHOTO 10, Bungalow 9, northern and western eLevations (6 Nov 2004).
San Buenaventura Research Associates
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PHOTO 11. Bungalow 10, courtyard at northern entry (6 Nov 2004).
PHOTO 12. Mud baths, viewed from south (6 Nov 2004).
San Buenaventura Research Associates
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PHOTO 13. Garage/Hill Auditorium, southern and western elevations (6 Nav 2004).
PHOTO 14. Hacienda, eastern elevation (6 Nov 2004).
San Buenaventura Research Associates
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PHOTO 15. Smith Memorial, viewed from southeast (6 Nov 2004).
PHOTO 16. Indian Statue, viewed from south (6 Nov 2004).
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San Buenaventura Research Associates
PHOTO 17. Penyugal Springs (SWCA: January, 2005).
PHOTO 18. Fountain. viewed from west (6 Nov 2004).
San Buenaventura Research Associates
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PHOTO 19. Terrace, viewed from southwest. Northwestern corner of tennis courts visible in right fore-
ground (6 Nov 2004).
PHOTO 20. Outdoor filreplace, viewed from south. (6 Nov 2004).
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San Buenaventura Research Associates
SWCA
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS
ArtCHAEOLOGICAL S-URVEYFOR THE .
. , . ., . -, ':,.. ".
AR~QWHEAD SPRINGS PROJECT, SAN
BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for
The Planning Center
Prepared by
Joan C.Brown ol1dMichael Tuma
SWCA Orange County Office
SWCA CvltutalResources Report No. 2005~30
JANUARY 2005
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR THE ARROWHEAD SPRINGS PROJECT, SAN
BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for
THE PLANNING CENTER
1580 Metro Drive
Costa Mesa, California, 92626
Prepared by
Joan C. Brown, M.A., RP A
and
Michael W. Tuma, M.S., RPA
SWCA@ ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS
23392 Madero, Suite L
Mission Viejo, California 92691
(949) 770-8042
www.swca.com
USGS 7.5' Quadrangle
San Bernardino North, CA 1967, Photorevised 1988
SWCA Project No. 8749-111
SWCA Cultural Resources Report Database No 2005-30
January 20,2005
C-42
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY I ABSTRACT .................................. ........ ....... ......... ..................... IV
UNDERTAKING INFORMA TION/INTRODUCTION ..... .............. ........ ........... ................. .........1
SE'rTIN G ...... .................. ........ ............ n.... ..... ..... .... ..................................................... ................. ...3
NATURAL .. ...................................................... ....................... .... ......................... ................ ....3
Vegetation........................................... ..... ..... ................ .............. ...................................... ...3
CULTURAL ... .... ............................................................... ........................................................4
Prehistory................ ........ ............................................. .................................................. ......4
Ethnographic........ ...... ..... ............................. .......... ...................._...... ........................ ...........5
History........... ............................................... ..... .............. .......... ............... .... .... .......... ..........6
PRIOR RESEARCH........................... ..................... ............................................... ...................... ...8
METHODS.................................. ............... .... ...... ............... .... ..................... .......... .n.................. ..11
SURVEy............................. ................................ ........ ........ ...... ..... ........................................ ..11
Reconnaissance................ .......... ............................................................................ ........... ..... ..12
Pedestrian Survey......... .... ......... ............... .............. ................................................................. .12
FINDINGS.....,...... ........ ...... .......... ................................... ............................................................ ..12
DISCUSSION.... .................... .......................... ..... ............ .... ....................................................... ..25
RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................... .................................................... ..27
REFERENCES CITED.... ..............................................................................................................3 2
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Personnel QlAalifications
APPENDIX B: Record Search Results
Confidential Appendix
APPENDIX C: Archaeological Site Records
Appendix D: Cultural Resources Locations Map
SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc. 8749-111
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11
FIGURES
Figure 1: Project Area Location Map ..............................................................................................2
Figure 2: Photograph; Location of mano recovery, CA-SBR-2268/H ..........................................13
Figure 3: Photograph; Dorsal and lateral views of mano ..............................................................13
Figure 4: Photograph; FoundatiolJ materials, CA-SBR2268fH .....................................................15
Figure 5: Photograph; Overview of second hotel site, CA-SBR-2268/H......................................15
Figure 6: Photograph; Barbeque are with associated historic trash............................................... 16
Figure 7: Photograph; Gazebo ruins, CA-SBR-2268/H ................................................................16
Figure 8: Photograph; Bathing area ruins, CA-SBR-2268ffi .........................................................17
Figure 9: Photograph; Stairs to Bathing area, CA-SBR-2268/H ...................................................17
Figure 10: Photograph; Bathing area ruins, CA-SBR-2268/H ...................... ................................18
Figure 11: Photograph, Overview ofCA-SBR-6869H....;.............................................................19
Figure 12: Photograph, Overview of former location of CA-SBR-7021 H.... ................................20
Figure 13: Photograph, View of former location of Features 2, 3, 4, and 5, CA-SBR-7702H .....21
Figure 14: Photograph; View offonner location of Feature 8, CA-SBR-7702H..........................21
Figure 15: Photograph; Overview of Feature 1, CA-SBR-7702H.................................................22
Figure 16: Photograph; Overview of Features 6 and 7, CA-SBR 7702H......................................22
Figure 17: Photograph; View of fonner location of Features 1,2, and 3 CA-SBR-8248H ..........23
Figure 18: Photograph; Overview of former location ofCA-SBR-10795 ....................................24
Figure 19: Photograph; View ofPI071-27H ........................... ......................................................25
TABLES
TABLE 1: CEQA Environmental Checklist for Arrowhead Springs Archaeological Sites ......26
TABLE 2: Cultural Resources Recommendations:. .... ....... ...... .......... ..... ............ .......29
SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc. 8749-111
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111
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT
Purpose and Scope: The Planning Center retained SWCA @ Environmental Consultants to
undertake archaeological resources literature search and a pedestrian reconnaissance as part of
the CEQA review process in anticipation of the proposed Arrowhead Springs redevelopment
plan. The historic study of the existing buildings is being accomplished by San Buenaventura
Research Associates. The study area is located in San Bernardino County, California. The
services entailed a literature review of the 556 acre study area and a pedestrian reconnaissance of
the property to determine if archaeological resources are present on the surface. This report
documents the results ofthe study.
Dates of Investigation: The cultural resources literature search was accomplished on November
1, 2004. The archaeological resources pedestrian reconnaissance was undertaken on December
13 and 14,2004. This report was completed on January 20,2005.
Findings of the Investigation: All previously recorded site locations were successfully visited
and observed for changes in status. Of the 14 previously recorded sites within the project area,
six had been impacted by recent construction and/or other disturbances. Archaeological surface
remains that had not been previously recorded were discovered at site CA-SBR-2268/H,
including two historic artifact scatters; two recently excavated undocumented historic structures,
a historic era barbeque and one prehistoric artifact.
Recommendations: Eight of the resources recorded within the project area, CA-SBR-6869H,
CA-SBR-6870H, CA-SBR-7021H, CA-SBR-7702H, CA-SBR-8248H, CA-SBR-I0795H,
PI071-27, and P36-020267) had been previously evaluated and were found to be not significant
under the CEQA guidelines. The mano discovered during the current field survey, because it is
an isolated discovery, will not require any additional study. Eleven of the resources (CA-SBR-
2268/H including the four loci, CA-SBR-7019H, CA-SBR-7020H, CA-SBR-7022H, CA-SBR-
7049H, P1071-21, P36-017732) retain the potential to yield information important in prehistory
or history (15064.5 (a)(3)(D). Please refer to Table 1 that present s the CEQA checklist showing
the impact of the project on each site and Table 2 for mitigation measure. Furthermore, it is
recommended that all ground disturbing activities be monitored by a qualified archaeologist.
Disposition of Data: This report will be filed with the San Bernardino lnformation Center,
located at San Bernardino County Musewn; with The Planning Center, and with SWCA
Environmental Consultants. All field notes and records related to the current project arc on file at
the Orange County office ofSWCA.
SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc. 8749-111
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IV
UNDERTAKING INFORMATION/INTRODUCTION
Contracting Data: The Plarming Center retained SWCA@ Environmental Consultants to
conduct a cultural resources literature review and a pedestrian recormaissance of 556 acres of the
project area.
Purpose: This study was completed lUlder the provisions of the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA). Public Resources Code SS5024.1, Section 15064.5 of the Guidelines, and
Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1 of the Statutes ofCEQA were also used as the basic guidelines for
the cultural resources study (Governor's Office of Plarming and Research 1998). Public
Resources Code SS5024.1 requires evaluation of historical resources to determine their
eligibility for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources. The purposes of the
register are to maintain listings of the state's historical resources and to indicate which properties
are to be protected from substantial adverse change (Office of Historic Preservation 1997). The
criteria for listing resources on the California Register were expressly developed to be in
accordance with previously established criteria developed for listing on the National Register of
Historic Places.
According to Section 15064.5(a)(3)(A-D) in the revised CEQA guidelines (Governor's Office of
Planning and Research 1998), a resource is considered historically significant if it meets at least
one ofthe following criteria:
(A) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns
of California's history and cultural heritage;
(B) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
(C) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region or method of
construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high
artistic values; or
(D) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
The format of this report follows Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR):
Recommended Contents and Format (Office of Historic Preservation 1988).
Undertaking: The proposed project entails construction of single and multi-family units;
commercial and office buildings; an IS-hole golf course; vineyards; a new 300-room hotel; a
new conference center; the reuse of the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel; and the reuse and
expansion of the historic Arrowhead Springs spa/resort.
Project Limits: The 556-acre study area is the portion of Arrowhead Springs proposed for
development or previously developed. Approximately 1400 acres will be preserved as open
space. The study area is located north of the City of San Bernardino, in San Bernardino County,
California and is shown on the USGS 7.5-Minute San Bernardino North Quadrangle (1967,
Photoreviscd 1988), in Township 1 North South, Range 4 West (San Bernardino Base and
Meridian).
SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc. 8749-111
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1
Figure 1. Location of the Arrowhead Springs project area. Adapted from the
USGS 7.S-Minute San Bernardino North Quadrangle.
SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc. 874~14'
2
Maps: Figure 1 consists of portions of the USGS 7.5-Minute San Bernardino North Quadrangle,
depicting the specific location of the project area, with an inset map showing the general vicinity
of the study area in southern California.
Project Personnel: Joan C. Brown was the Principal Investigator for the cultural resources study
and was responsible for this teclmical report. Michael W. Tuma contributed the Natural Setting
and Results sections of the report. Robin Laska of the San Bernardino Information Center
conducted the literature review. Joan Brown, Luis Burgos, Michael Cruz, Stephen O'Neil, and
Michael Tuma conducted the field reconnaissance. Michael W. Tuma was also responsible for
the graphics. Resumes for the SWCA personnel who participated in the study are contained in
Appendix A.
SETTING
NATURAL
VEGETATION
Vegetation within the project area consisted of a mixture of native plant communities, invasive
species, and exotic ornamental species. Native plant communities represented within the project
area included primarily chamise chaparral and coastal sage scrub on ridges and hillsides, as well
as riparian woodland and freshwater marshland within the larger drains.
Commonly occurring species within the chamise chaparral and coastal sage scrub communities
included chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), inland scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia),
sagebrush (Artemisia californica), buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), our Lord's candle
(Yucca whipplei), deelVleer (Lotus scoparius), cliff aster (Malacothrix saxatilis), golden bush
(Eriophyllum confertiflorum), coast prickly pear (Opuntia littoralis), California aster (Lessingia
filaginifolia), black sage (Salvia mellifera), white sage (Salvia apiana), brittlebush (Encelia
farinosa), hybrid encelia (Enceliafarinosa x californica).
Within the larger drainages, vegetation included riparian woodland species, as well as small
patches of freshwater marshlands. Trees included white alder (Alnus rhombifolia), western
sycamore (Platanus racemosa), and willows (Salix spp.); the dominant shrub species was
mulefat (Baccharis salicifolia). Marshy areas were vegetated in cattail (Typha latifolia), rushes
(Eleocharis and Juncus spp.), and sedges (Carex spp.).
Ornamental plants included primarily peppertree, palms, Oleander, bottlebrush, and eucalyptus.
These plants were located primarily around the hotel complex and other domestic building
structures within the project area, but volunteers of palms, eucalyptus, and Oleander commonly
invaded nearby stands of coastal sage scrub and chamise chaparraL Other invasive species
commonly located in the native plant communities included primarily brome (Bromus spp.) and
black mustard (Brassica nigra).
SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc. 8749-111
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3
CULTURAL
PREHISTORY
Chartkoff and Chartkoff (1984) summarized to a great extent what is known of California
archaeology. The following discussion draws heavily on their work.
Man has been present in the New World since perhaps 10,000 to 11,000 years B.C. There is
some evidence that humans were present long before that date, but the evidence of earlier
occupation is not conclusive and is therefore not generally accepted by most archaeologists. The
Chartkoffs identify the earliest portion of the archaeological sequence, which persisted until
about 9,000 RC. as the Paleo-Indian Period. No Paleo-Indian Period sites are known in the
vicinity of the study area. This may be due to destruction of the sites by later human activity,
drowning as ocean levels changed, or perhaps the Paleo-Indians simply did not utilize the area.
Lithic artifacts are often the only surviving material from the Paleo-Indian Period. These consist
primarily of large and extremely well made projectile points and large but cruder tools such as
scrapers and choppers. The distributions of these tools argue that Paleo-Indian subsistence was
based on hunting of the large game animals associated with the Pleistocene Era. Encampments
were never permanent, but were probably sited near a major kill. Occupation would have lasted
only until the resources of that kill were exhausted. The encampment would then be moved to
take advantage of the next major kill. Such an economy, which used only a very small fraction
of the available resources, would not have supported a large population. It is probable that the
Paleo-Indians lived in groups no larger than extended families and that contact with other such
groups was infrequent. However, it is apparent that such contact did occur. The Paleo-Indian
remains are remarkably similar, regardless of where they are found in the New World. The best
explanation of the similarity is the passing of successful techniques from family group to family
group. Certainly there were other reasons for Paleo-Indian groups to occasionally meet.
Marriages could not take place within an extended family, so meetings to locate spouses had to
be as frequent as young people arrived at marriageable age.
The Pleistocene came to an end sometime around 9,000 B.c., and the large game animals
became extinct. This major change in resource availability forced a major change in subsistence
strategy, recognized today as the beginning of the Archaic Period. The early Archaic Period,
9,000 RC. to around 6,000 B.C. is poorly defined in the study area vicinity. However, the San
Dieguito Tradition from the coastal regions to the south has been studied in some detail. The
San Dieguito people gained their subsistence primarily from the plants and animals associated
with the chaparral ecological community. They did not, however, take advantage of the hard
seeds associated with the chaparral. .Hunting played a major subsistence role, but the target
animals were smaller and more plentiful in a given area in comparison to the earlier, larger
animals associated with the Pleistocene. The distinctive artifacts from the San Dieguito are
large, rather crude projectile points, scrapers and choppers; crescent shaped objects of uncertain
utility and other tools such as gravers. Bone awls appear near the end of the Early Archaic,
perhaps indicating that basketry was then being produced.
By the Middle Archaic or Encinitas, 6,000 to about 4,000 B.C., the Native Americans had
learned to take advantage of the hard seed resources of the coastal sage scrub and chaparral
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ecological communities. The tools used for processing the hard seeds, manos and metates,
appear in large numbers for the first time and are the hallmarks of the Encinitas Tradition. Large
shell mounds in the coastal regions may also be traced to the Encinitas. The Encinitas persisted
in essentially unchanged form until the close of the Late Archaic, around 2,000 B.C.
The Pacific Period began around 2,000 RC. and persisted until Spanish contact. During the
Early Pacific, the local Tradition is known as the Campbell, which persisted until about A.D.
500. The major difference between the Campbell and earlier Traditions was the introduction of
the mortar and pestle, a tool technology that allowed the exploitation of the acorn as a food
resource. Evidence of trade is pronounced during the Campbell. Steatite from the Channel
Islands and obsidian from areas far inland are found in most sites.
During the final centuries prior to Spanish contact the archaeological record reveals great
increases in population. Some villages contained as many as 1,500 people. Apparently, many of
these settlements were permanent in the sense that they were occupied throughout the year rather
than seasonally. Art flourished during this time and many striking objects of stone, bone, wood,
and shell were manufactured.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
The Arrowhead Springs area was historically a boundary region among three Native American
groups known as the Gabrielino, Serrano, and the Cahuilla (Bean and Smith 1978, Bean 1978).
The Gabrielino territory included the watersheds of the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana
rivers, several smaller intermittent streams in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains, all of
the Los Angeles Basin, the coast from Aliso Creek in the south to Topanga Creek in the north,
and the islands of San Clemente, San Nicholas, and Santa Catalina. Most researchers place
Serrano groups in the San Bernardino Mountains east of Cajon Pass, at the base and north of
these mountains in the desert near Victorville, eastward as far as Twentynine Palms, and south
into the Yucaipa Valley. The Cahuilla occupied a large area from the summit of the San
Bernardino Mountains in the north to Borrego Springs and the Chocolate Mountains in the south,
a portion of the Colorado Desert to the east, the San Jacinto Plain near Riverside, and the eastern
slope of Palomar Mountains to the west.
The Cahuilla interacted regularly with local tribes, particularly with the Gabrielino and the
Serrano. Although these groups subsisted primarily through hunting and gathering, there is some
evidence that the Cahuilla practiced limited agriculture. Com, beans, squashes, and melons,
possibly acquired through contact with the Colorado River cultures, were planted and harvested
(Wilke and Lawton 1975).
The Gabrielino, Serrano, and Cahuilla all maintained permanent villages and moved to
temporary camps in order to hunt and gather food resources. The permanent camps as well as
the temporary camps were usually situated near water sources. The people utilized such
resources as acorns, sage, yucca, cacti, pinons, deer, and rodents along with a large variety of
other plants and animals.
Locally, Arrowhead Springs was occupied at various times by each of the groups. The Native
Americans considered hot springs sacred and powerful; however, Arrowhead Hot Springs were
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considered particularly sacred because of the arrowhead shaped geologic formation pointing to
the springs. The Gabrielino refer to the hot springs as an ancestral campground. The Cahuilla
and Serrano refer to this area in many of their stories. The Cahuilla called the Arrowhead Hot
Springs Hutratam and the Gabrielino referred to the place as Nilrngla (Bean and Vane 1981:13-
14).
HISTORY
People traveling between the Colorado River and coastal settlements used the Mojave Trail,
located west of the current study area, for hundreds of years. The same trail was believed to
have been used by Father Garces in 1776 and was also traveled by Jedidiah Smith during his first
expedition into California. Although the Mojave Trail was one of the first trails used by early
explorers, it was all but abandoned when the gentler Cajon Pass area became known (Carrico,
Schiltz, Norris, and Minnich 1982).
A majority ofthe following information was derived from Shinn (1991).
A Mormon colony was established in the 1850s at Fort San Bernardino. Almost immediately,
Waterman Canyon and Mill Creek were used as logging areas. The mills were small and simple,
usually operated by a crew consisting of three to four people. The earliest mills were powered
by water. Many could not be operated during the dry late summer and fall; so steam-powered
mills soon replaced them. The mills were lucrative and were a primary source of income for the
San Bernardino colony. The Mormons maintained control of the mills until they were recalled to
Salt Lake Valley in 1857. At that time, many of the mills shut down, while some were sold at a
considerably low price. During the 1860s, lumbering in the San Bernardino Mountains
stagnated. Only two operations existed throughout most of this period.
The Native Americans were threatened over the continued influx of settlers and lumbering
operations. There were incidents of hostility, most notably the "Battle of Indian Hill" that
occurred near the present day Lake Arrowhead. Several hundred shots were exchanged, two
settlers and six natives were killed, and several people were wounded.
Despite this incident and others like it, lumbering continued in the Western San Bernardino
Mountains. Between 1865 and 1895, lumbering reached its peak although most mills were still
fairly small operations employing less than 20 men. While there were a large number of mills in
the area, they were not all lucrative. The Brookings Lumber Company was a highly mechanized
lumbering operation from 1899 to 1912. Its exploitation of the resources was intense and by the
time the company ceased operations, over 3000 acres were almost denuded of vegetation. The
company also built an extensive system of railroads in the Arrowhead Lake area extending to all
of the company's major logging areas.
The first structure at Arrowhead Springs was a hospital for patients with tuberculosis built by Dr.
David Noble Smith in 1863. Water from the springs was used in treating the illness. Darby and
Lumin built a hotel near the springs in 1886 that later burned in 1895. Another hotel was
constructed in 1906 by Seth Marshall, one ofthe founders of Valley Traction System, a company
that ran cable cars around San Bernardino. A bottling plant, utilizing water from Arrowhead
Springs, was in the hotel's basement. In 1917, the bottling plant was moved to Los Angeles and
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although Marshall sold his interest in the hotel, he kept his rights to the water. In 1938, this hotel
was also destroyed by fire.
In 1939, Joseph Sehenck and other Hollywood celebrities built a third hotel. During the gala
grand opening many of the stars made an appearance. In 1942, the hotel was taken over by the
government and used as an infirmary for injured and ill World War II soldiers. In 1947, after the
hotel was returned to private ownership, it too was destroyed by fire.
Mr. Swig, the owner of the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco, constructed the fourth hotel at the
springs. That hotel became a financial failure and in 1961 he sold the building to Bill Bright of
Campus Crusade for Christ International. Campus Crusade continues to use the hotel as a
religious retreat and as a resort and conference center (www.arrowhead.springs,org 2003).
The ability to control water has played an important role in the development of the area. The
following information was derived from Scott (1976) in Shinn (1991).
A special act of the Cali fornia State Legislature was passed in 1854, allowing water from
Waterman Canyon Creek (also called West Twin Creek) and East Twin Creek to be appropriated
for municipal and domestic use by the town of San Bernardino. A ditch was dug in 1855 to
divert water from East Twin Creek. This ditch was soon abandoned because during the summer
the small amount of flowing water seeped through the permeable sandy soil. Several smaller
diversion ditches were completed after the main diversion ditch was abandoned.
After the original 1855 diversion ditch from East Twin Creek and Waterman Canyon Creek was
abandoned, a settler on the west side of Waterman Canyon took possession of the ditch. By
1888, the ditch was owned by three individuals who irrigated a total of 60 to 80 acres on which
they grew grapes, deciduous fruits, alfalfa, and summer crops. The owners paved the ditch and
incorporated in August 1891 under the name of the West Twin Creek Water Company.
In 1876, five people consolidated their water claims and constructed a mile long ditch to carry
water east along the base of the mountain. The bulk of the water was used to irrigate sixty-nine
acres of deciduous fruit trees and alfalfa. In the 1880s, two additional ditches were started
further up East Twin Creek Canyon. However, construction was soon abandoned due to
conflicts of ownership and only one ditch was completed prior to 1890. An association called
the Kansas City Real Estate Investment Corporation, who had purchased the water rights of the
former irrigators, built it.
The Kansas City Real Estate Investment Corporation acquired a tract of land extending from the
base ofthe mountains to Highland Avenue, between Harrison Street and Sterling Avenue. This
location is adjacent to the study area. In 1890 and 1891, the corporation subdivided the tract,
known as Orange Grove, into 10 acre lots. The deed of each lot included rights to the East Twin
Creek water and the associated pipeline. The Kansas City Real Estate Corporation was gradually
eliminated from the operation of the irrigation system as they sold the lot deeds to individuals.
In 1901, the individual owners of the water rights of East Twin Creek formed the Del Rosa
Water Company. The company incorporated, divided their capital stock into 150 shares, and
operated the water system until January 1922, when it reincorporated as the Del Rosa Mutual
Water Company. The capital stock was then divided into 5,850 shares. In recent years the East
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San Bernardino County Water District and the City of San Bernardino have acquired most of the
stock.
In addition to the diversion ditches built at East Twin Creek, a "stone ditch tunnel" had been
constructed in 1890. The tunnel was 300 feet long and was located a short distance downstream
from the intake to the Del Rosa Water Company's ditch. A pipeline carried the water from the
lower end of the tunnel and along the west bank of the creek. The pipeline had a single owner.
In 1912 and 1919 the Del Rosa Water company sank a shaft and extended it through bedrock in
order to intercept underflow in the East Twin Creek channeL The deepening of the shaft and
addition of a lateral shaft in 1919 resulted in stopping the flow of water through the stone ditch
tunnel. A suit was filed by the tunnel owner against the Del Rosa Water Coinpany. The court
decision merely required that the water company give the tunnel owner advanced notice prior to
any pumpmg.
In 1929, the flow of East Twin Creek was supplemented by water pumped from two wells. In
1965, a valve was installed in the line east of Mountain A venue. Since that time, the San
Bernardino County Water District has supplied the area east of the valve from its domestic and
agricultural water supply system. However, this area can still be scrved from the Del Rosa
system in an emergency. A third well was added in 1967; however, by then only around 100
acres were irrigated. Olive groves, Christmas tree groves, deciduous fruit orchards, and pastures
occupied most of the 100 acres. In recent years East Twin Creek water not used for irrigation is
used in the East Twin Creek spreading grounds below 40th street to recharge the ground water
basin.
Before the West Twin Creek Water Company became incorporated in 1891, the water
distribution system probably consisted only of open ditches. Since incorporation, all ditches
have been replaced by closed conduit. In recent years Waterman Canyon Creek water that is not
used for irrigation is spread in the percolation basin in Waterman Canyon Creek, in order to
recharge the ground water basin.
PRIOR RESEARCH
The San Bernardino Information Center located at the San Bernardino County Museum,
conducted a review of its records on November 1, 2004 to determine if cultural resources were
previously recorded within the Arrowhead Springs study area. Information regarding
archaeological sites and investigations within the study area was compiled. A check was also
made of historic maps, the National Register of Historic Places, the California State Historic
Resources Inventory, and the listing of California Historical Landmarks.
The record search revealed that eight cultural resources studies have been completed within the
study area. There are five area overview reports that pertain to the general area.
The studies are:
#1062462 Shinn examined 89 acres in southern portion of the property in 1991. As a result of
her reconnaissance four historic sites, CA-SBR-7019H, CA-SBR-7020H, CA-SBR-702lH, and
CA-SBR-1922H were recorded. Those sites are discussed in the following section.
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#1062474 is an addendwn to above (Shinn 1991) report. Additional archival research showed
that the adobe structure (PlO71-27) was constructed in 1948 and was once owned by J. Putnam
Henck. Mr. Henck was a general contractor who worked in several mountain communities from
the late 1950s through the 1970s. The structure was found to be not historically significant
because of the alterations it had under gone in 1968 and because J. Putnam Henck was not
considered to be a significant historic figure.
#1062853 Describes Greenwood and Associates Inland Feeder Project (Foster et a1. 1991). Their
survey within the Arrowhead Springs portion of the project covered approximately 80 acres
within and adjacent to Waterman Canyon. Three historic archaeological sites, CA-SBR-6869H,
CA-SBR-7702H, and CA-SBR-8248H, were recorded. Those sites are discussed in the following
section.
# 1 063117 is a report describing an archival record search by Bruce Love in 1996.
#1063307 describes the results of the evaluation of the three historic archaeological sites, CA-
SBR-6869H, CA-SBR-7702H, and CA-SBR-8248H along Waterman Canyon. Those results are
discussed in the following section.
#106364 describes the emergency evaluation of a portion of CA-SBR-10795H that was
discovered within the working limits of the Inland Feeder Project (Horne 2004).
#1064074 describes the results of the evaluation of four historic era culverts along Waterman
Canyon Road (Livingstone 2004). One of the culverts is within the Arrowhead Springs study
area.
#1064077 is a cultural resources reconnaissance for three proposed alignments of Arrowhead
Parkway (Brown 2003). The road will provide access from the City of San Bernardino to
Arrowhead Springs by way of the southern extent ofthe current project area.
According to the cultural resources files at the San Bernardino Information Center, one
prehistoric archaeological site, nine historic archaeological sites, three "pending" historic
archaeological sites, four historic structures, and four (plus) possible historic structures are
recorded. within the study area. The following prehistoric and historic archaeological sites are
located within the study area:
CA-SBR-2268/H is described as a large area containing many springs. The Gabrielifio referred
to the site as Nilengla where their ancestors had camped naked and cold at the beginning of the
world. This area has also been the location of hotels and spas since 1858 and is registered as a
County Point of Historic Interest (HaenzeI1977). A natural geologic phenomenon shaped as an
arrowhead is located on the mountainside directly above the site. The arrowhead is the emblem
for San Bernardino County. The Serrano's refer to this area as Jubuval. Tn addition to the Native
American population, the springs were said to have been used by the padres (circa 1820)
associated with the San Gabriel Mission and, by 1858, a Mormon named John Brown Sf. began
to make "a few improvements" at the springs. (Point of Historic Interest 1972).
CA-SBR-6869H was recorded by Greenwood and Associates in 1990. The site was described as
consisting of an oven/chimney feature and associated trash pit (Schmidt 1997:19). Over 600
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historic items were recovered and identified as representing deposition between 1930 and 1945.
Many of the items consisted of hotel wares, beverage containers, condiment jars, and serving
pieces and would have been consistent with the daily operation of Arrowhead Springs Hotel.
The historic trash was apparently unrelated to the hog farm and slaughterhouse that once
occupied this area and provided pork for the hotels kitchen (Schmidt 1997:43). As a result of a
phase II site evaluation, it was found that CA-SBR-6869H did "not constitute an important
archaeological deposit" under CEQA definition (Schmidt 1997:45).
CA-SBR-6870H was recorded by Greenwood and Associates in 1990. The site was described as
consisting of a 1929 concrete road bridge. The bridge was still in use and showed evidence of
having "sustained past repairs and possible modifications" (Romani, Head and Kaptain. 1990)
CA-SBR-7019H was recorded by RMW Paleo Associates in 1991. The site was described as
consisting of three holding tanks for water with a "stretch of gutter used for irrigation"
surrounded by an olive orchard (Shinn 1991:15).
CA-SBR-7020H was recorded by RMW Paleo Associates in 1991. The site consisted of a
concrete retaining wall with three column supports and stairs. The stairs led to a flattened area.
Although it appears that the feature could represent a front porch to a house, no evidence of a
foundation was seen. The groundskeeper had informed the archaeologists that it was rumored
that the home had belonged to Henry E. Huntington; but no evidence of that occupation was
uncovered during research at the Huntington Estate or the San Bernardino County Records
archive (Shinn 1991:15-16).
CA-SBR-7021 H was recorded by RMW Paleo Associates in 1991. The site consisted of a metal
pipe in the hillside said to be the possible remnants of an 1885 trench constructed by the Del
Rosa Water Company (Shinn 1991: 16).
CA-SBR-7022H was recorded by RMW Paleo Associates in 1991. The site consisted of two
native rock retaining walls against "platforms stacked on top of another" (Shinn 1991: 16). A
large amount of building material consisting of brick and concrete was spread over the area.
Associated with the building material were two glass and one chine fragment. Two additional
retaining walls were present next to the adjacent creek and another behind a modem structure
(Shinn 1991:17).
CA-SBR-7049H is also known as the Rim of the World Highway. The eirca 1915-1916 highway
(as described on the site recording form) extended for 101 miles and consisted of a series of
earlier roads dating from the turn offthe century (McCarthy and Goodman 2001). The portion of
the road closest to Arrowhead Springs began at Waterman Canyon and extended into the
mountains.
CA-SBR-7702H contained eight structural features including remnants of the resort's former
stables. The additional features represented a mortared stone foundation (probably associated
with the Waterman home), foundations of the bathhouses, steams caves, and pool, a concrete
cistern, and two artificial terraces. A subsurface test excavation was undertaken within four of
the feature areas. The additional features were only examined from the surface because they
were located within sensitive habitat areas. Those features include remains that were believed to
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represent the original Waterman house; and three features thought to be remains of circa 1925
structures at the end of the access road leading to the Waterman Canyon Hot Springs: Those
remains included a slab foundation that could have been a bathhouse; a circular concrete
structure that was perhaps an outdoor bathing pool; and three reinforced concrete structures set
into the hillside, probably remnants of the steam caves (Schmitd 1997:23-30). As a result of a
Phase II site evaluation, it was found that CA-SBR-7702H did "not constitute an important
archaeological deposit" under CEQA definition (Schmidt 1997:45).
CA-SBR-8248H consisted of a linear brick and concrete structure, a massive stone retaining
wall, a brick pier, and two concentrations of refuse (Schmidt 1997:30). Approximately 500
historic era artifacts were recovered during the site evaluation; the items were representative of
household refuse ascribed to a short-term or single depositional episode around 1920 to 1925.
As a result of a phase II site evaluation, it was found that CA-SBR-8248H did "not constitute an
important archaeological deposit" under CEQA definition (Schmidt 1997:45).
CA-SBR-10795H contained a circa 1940's to 1960's trash deposit. An "Emergency Phase-2
testing" of only the portion of the site determined to be within the Metropolitan Inland Feeder
Project Working Limits (Williams and Hamilton 1998). The area was intended to be used as a
topsoil stockpile or permanent sediment disposal area for the project. The portion of the site
evaluated only contained materials manufactured between 1940 and 1960, did not contain an
older buried component, and provided limited information. A denser concentration of trash
appeared to be present outside of, and to the south of, the area tested (Home 1998:2).
P1071-21-H represents a portion of the Stone Ditch Tunnel constructed in 1890. A pipeline
picked up water from the lower end ofthe 300 foot long tunnel and carried it along the west bank
ofthe East Twin Creek (Shinn 1991)
P1071-27-H was described as an abandoned adobe house that was later added on to. The original
house appeared to have five or six rooms; the altered house contained ten rooms. Archival
research conducted at the San Bernardino County Records office failed to determine when and
who constructed the house (Shinn 1991).
P36-0 17732 is recorded as a rock and concrete flume several feet in length that was the only
existing remnant of the extreme western portion of the circa 1850 to 1860 West Twin Creek
Water Company system (Shinn 1991)
P36-020267 is an historic era box culvert located along Old Waterman Canyon Road
(Livingstone 2004).
METHODS
SURVEY
Archaeological survey techniques included reconnaissance of previously recorded archaeological
sites and previously surveyed parcels, and intensive pedestrian survey of other parcels within the
project area. Joan Brown, Michael Tuma, Michael Cruz, and Luis Burgos surveyed the project
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area on 13 and 14 December 2004. Michael Tuma returned to the sites on January 5, 2005 to
accomplish further study and take additional photographs.
RECONNAISSANCE
Previously recorded sites within the project area were reconnoitered during the current
investigation, including CA-SBR-2268/H, CA-SBR-6869H, CA-SBR-6870H, CA-SBR-7019H,
CA-SBR-7020H, CA-SBR-7021H, CA-SBR-7022H, CA-SBR-7049H, CA-SBR-7702H, CA-
SBR-8284H, CA-SBR-I0795H, PI071-21-H, PI071-27-H, P36-017732, P36-020267. During
the site visits, particular attention was paid to assessing whether or not the conditions of the sites
had changed since they were originally recorded or last updated. This technique involved
carefully comparing descriptions on site record and site update forms to the current conditions at
the sites.
In addition to previously recorded sites, parcels of land within the project area that had been
surveyed during previous archaeological investigations were reconnoitered. This involved
surveying in areas where archaeological sites were likely to occur, including relatively flat areas
on ridge tops and along terraces overlooking the larger drainages within the project area.
PEDESTRIAN SURVEY
More intensive survey techniques were employed in areas of the project where no previous
investigations had taken place. In these areas, pedestrian survey techniques, which involved
walking transects spaced at 10 meters, were used to look for cultural materials. Pedestrian survey
was not conducted on steep (>400) slopes, and was generally limited to areas with at least 10%
surface visibility. Areas within the project that were covered with a thick turf of grass,
particularly areas around the hotel complex, were not intensively surveyed, but rather quickly
reconnoitered for relatively exposed areas. Among the reconnoitered exposed areas within the
hotel complex were flower beds, roadsides, paths, and areas around buildings.
FINDINGS
CA-SBR-2268/H
This site is the location of the prehistoric and historic Native American village of Nilengla, as
well as the location of the historic Arrowhead Springs hotel sites. Little evidence of the
prehistoric occupation of the site was found during the current survey, with the exception of a
single mano recovered in a relatively undisturbed area west of the hotel complex. The mano was
recovered on the surface of a dirt trail winding around a sloping ridge (Figure 2)_ Visibility on
the surface of the trail was excellent (90%). Vegetation on either side of the trail was dense, with
visibility at less than 10%. Despite intensive searches in the area, no additional artifacts were
located. A photograph of the mano, which was manufactured from granitic material, is presented
in Figure 3.
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Figure 2. Location ofmano recovery, site CA-SBR-2268/H. Facing west.
Figure 3. Dorsal and lateral views ofthe mano recovered from CA-SBR-2268/H.
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The majority of the remainder of the site was dominated by the historic development associated
with the existing hotel complex. Most of the area around the complex was vegetated in a dense
lawn; bordered in non-native shrubs and flower gardens. In addition, the current manager of the
property reported that buildings in portions of the complex were constructed on a thick layer of
fill material extending to a depth of 20 feet These factors combined to make locating
archaeological remains difficult; if not impossible. The areas bordering the hotel complex,
however, contained native soils on the surface. In one such area, located north of the existing
hotel; a scatter of historic remains was discovered (Figure 4). The area had been recently clearcut
of eucalyptus trees that had been damaged by a recent fire. Surface visibility was, therefore,
excellent (100%). The scatter included structural remains, including bricks and foundation
fragments made of cement; brick; and naturally occurring granite (Figure 5). The scatter
contained a variety of domestic artifacts, including bottle shards and ceramics, some of which
appeared to be hotel ware. More than 100 artifacts were observed on the surface, with at least
two concentrations noted. The scatter measured approximately 65 meters east to west, and 35
meters north to south. This site may represent the former location of the second hotel at
Arrowhead Springs, built in 1887 and burned in 1889. Alternatively, the structure that once stood
at this location may have served as barracks or a dormitory during World War 1.
A second historic artifact scatter was discovered near and associated with an existing historic
structure on the hotel complex grounds. This structure was the barbeque area situated on the
eastern side of the property (Figure 6). A small scatter of historic artifacts, extending over an
area of approximately 20 meters east to west and 15 meters north to south, was observed in the
area east and south of the structure. Vegetation in the area was somewhat dense, with surface
visibility at around 45%. Approximately 20 artifacts were observed; including square cut nails,
glass bottle shards, and ceramic sherds.
Two other features of the hotel complex are worth noting, a gazebo structure on the front lawn of
the hotel and a bathing area structure situated in the creek just west of the hotel. These features
had been buried in the past, either purposefully or through neglect, but were recently excavated
by the current manger of the property. The manger, Rod Garton, noted that a gazebo was
depicted in the front yard of the hotel in historic photographs; based upon these photos, they
were able to locate the gazebo buried beneath approximately six meters of fill (Figure 7). During
operation of the hotel; the gazebo was touted as a hot spring conveniently located on the hotel
lawn, but was apparently a false hot spring where hot spring water was piped. The bathing
feature occurred at the bottom of the creek located just west of and down from the existing hotel.
This feature was apparently buried by eroding soils over the years, but was discovered by the
current manager of the property and fully excavated. The feature consisted of a retaining wall
along the west side of the creek; and stairs that accessed a bathing structure situated over a hot
spring. The wall, stairs, and bathing area were all constructed from native rock and concrete. The
total length of the feature was estimated at 35 m. Photographs of the exposed feature are
presented in Figures 8, 9, and 10.
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Figure 4. Overview of historic debris scatter, CA-SBR-2268/H. Facing
east
Figure 5. Foundation materials, possibly from the second Arrowhead
Springs Hotel or WWT barracks, CA-SBR-2268/H. Facing east.
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Figure 6. Barbeque area with associated historic trash scatter. Facing
north.
Figure 7. Gazebo site on the existing hotel grounds, CA-SBR-2268/H.
Facing northeast.
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Figure 8. Retaining wall associated with the bathing area located below
the existing hotel, CA-SBR-2268/H. Facing north.
Figure 9. Stairs leading to the bathing area, CA-SBR-2268/H. Facing
northwest.
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Figure 10. Bathing area located below existing hotel, CA-SBR-2268/H.
Facing north.
CA-SBR-6869H
This site was originally described as an oven chimney and foundation with an associated historic
trash pit. The chimney and foundation are still intact, but it appears that the trash pit has been
impacted. The eucalyptus grove that was in place when the site was originally recorded had been
recently clearcut at the time of the current investigation. In addition, heavy machinery had been
used to push the tree trunks and roots into piles, and pulverize them. These activities impacted
the entire area surrounding the chimney structure (Figure 11). The trash scatter, which was
originally described as occurring over a 4.3 x 2.9 m area, appeared to have been scattered further.
The new dimensions of the trash scatter, after recent disturbances, measure approximately 6 x 8
m. The manager of the property believed that the chimney structure was an incinerator that was
once associated with a house.
CA-SBR-6870H
The bridge was found to be the same as described in the original site record, with the exceptions
that the repaired area was damaged recently, and graffiti has been painted on the bridge.
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Figure 11. Overview of site CA-SBR-6869H showing disturbances.
Facing northeast.
CA-SBR-701!JH
The condition of the stone and concrete conduit and holding tanks were as described in the site
record.
CA-SBR-7020H
The condition of this former house site had not changed since it was described in the site record.
CA-SBR-7021H
The pipe is no longer visible, as it was probably buried. It was likely impacted by construction
activities associated with the Metropolitan Water District's Inland Feeder Project, as well as
recent flooding (Figure 12).
CA-SBR-7022H
The condition of this former house site had not changed since it was described in the site record.
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Figure 12. Overview of the former location of site CA-SBR-7021H, and
construction activities that may have impacted the site. Facing southeast.
CA-SBR-7049H
There were no apparent changes to the condition of the highway.
CA-SBR-7702H
This site has been impacted considerably by recent flooding, as well as by the nearby Inland
Feeder Project. A total of eight features were recorded by Schrnitd in 1997; just three features
currently remain. Features 2, 3, 4, and 5 have been destroyed by construction activities
associated with the Inland Feeder Project. Specifically, sludge ponds have been constructed on
the location of these features (Figure 13). Feature 8 appears to have been washed away by the
recent flood of2003, and only a scoured creek bank remains there (Figure 14). The three features
that remain have been impacted, but not destroyed. They include Feature 1, the horse stable
structure, and Features 6 and 7, foundations associated with the hot springs. Feature 1 has been
impacted by the Inland Feeder Project. The area within and around the stable structure has been
used as a laydown area for construction material and spoil dirt (Figure 15). Features 6 and 7
remain intact, but appear to have been buried somewhat by the recent flood event (Figure 16).
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Figure 13. Former location of Features 2, 3, 4, and 5, CA-SBR-
7702H. Facing southwest.
Figure 14. Former location of Feature 8, CA-SBR-7702H. Facing
east.
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Figure 15. Overview of Feature 1, CA-SBR-7702H. Facing east.
Figure 16. Overview of Features 6 and 7, CA-SBR-7702H. Facing
northeast.
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CA-SBR-8148H
This site was also heavily impacted by the Inland Feeder Project. Features 1, 2, and 3 were
completely destroyed from construction activities associated with the project (Figure 17). The
rock retaining wall (Feature 4) remains intact.
CA-SBR-J0795H
The site was completely destroyed by construction of a roadside staging area in support of the
Inland Feeder project (Figure 18). The area appeared to have been recently graded, and no sign
ofthe site was observed.
PI07J-21-H
The condition of the stone ditch and turmel has not changed since it was originally recorded.
Figure 17. Fonner location of Features 1,2, and 3, CA-SBR-8248H. Facing southwest.
23
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Figure 18. Formerlocation ofCA-SBR-10795. Facing west.
PI071-27-H
This house structure was burned in 2003, prior to thc current investigation. The adobe walls arc
still standing, hut the later addition is gone (Figure 19).
P36-017732
The condition of the rock and concrete flume has not changed since the site was last described in
the site record.
P36-020267
The condition of Culvert #1 had not changed since it was originally recorded.
24
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Figure 19. View ofPI071-27-H. Facing north.
DICUSSION
The Arrowhead Springs property contains 15 previously recorded cultural resources in addition
to the five resources recorded as a result of this study. The Arrowhead Springs Hotel complex
contains multiple known historic features and the possibility that many remains related to the
early historic and prehistoric occupations are still buried. The property manager had discovered
the ruins of a gazebo under six meters (approximately 20 feet) of fill material indicating that
historic and/or prehistoric remains could still be found in-situ beneath the surface.
Under CEQA guidelines, 15064.5 (a)(3)(A-D), a resource is considered historically significant if
it meets at least one of four criteria related to its association with important events or individuals,
its architectural characteristics and/or its data potentiaL
Eight of the resources recorded within the project area, CA-SBR-6869H, CA-SBR-6870H, CA-
SBR-7021H, CA-SBR-7702H, CA-SBR-8248H, CA-SBR-10795H, PI071-27, and P36-020267)
had been previously evaluated and were found to be not significant under the CEQA guidelines.
The mano discovered during the current field survey, because it is an isolated discovery, will not
require any additional study. Eleven of the resources (CA-SBR-2268/H including the four loci,
CA-SBR-7019H, CA-SBR-7020H, CA-SBR-7022H, CA-SBR-7049H, PlO71-21, P36-017732)
retain the potential to yield information important in prehistory or history (15064.5 (a)(3)(D).
Table 1 present s the CEQA checklist showing the impact of the project on each site.
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TABLEt
CEQA Environmental Checklist
For Arrowhead Sprin~s Archaeolo~ical Sites
Site and Would the project Would the project cause a Would the project
Description cause a substantial substantial adverse change disturb any human
adverse change in the in the significance of an remains, including
significance of a archaeological resource those interred outside
historical resource pursuant to ~15064.5? of formal cemeteries
pursuant to ~ 15064.5
CA-SBR-2268 Hotel Less then significant Less then significant with Potentially Significant
complex! prehistoric with mitigation mitigation Impact:
village Historic gravesite and
potential Native
American burials.
Gazebo Less then significant with
mitigation ---.--
Bathing Area Less then significant with
mitigation
--
Barbeque and Less then significant with
historic era trash mitigation
Historic era trash Less then significant with
and possible mitigation
foundation remains
Mano No adverse effect
CA-SBR6869H No adverse effect
oven/chimney &
trash
--
CA-SBR-6870H Less then significant Less then significant with
concrete road bridge with mitigation mitigation
CA-SBR-7019H Less then significant with
holding tanks, gutter mitigation
CA-SBR-7020H Less then significant Less then significant with
retaining wall, steps, with mitigation mitigation
no foundation
--.--".-
CA-SBR-7021H No adverse effect
Possible remains of
1885 Del Rosa
Water Company
trench
-~~.~,~
CA-SBR-7022I-I Less then significant with
retaining walls, mitigation
some trash
---- --~ --
CA-SBR-7049H Less then significant Less then significant with
Rim of the World with mitigation mitigation
Highway
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-- ~~--
TABLE 1
CEQA Environmental Checklist
For Arrowhead Springs Archaeological Sites
Site and Would the project Would the project cause a Would the project
Description cause a substantial substantial adverse change disturb any human
adverse change in the in the significance of an remains, including
significance of a archaeological resource those interred outside
historical resource pursuant to ~15064.5? of formal cemeteries
pursuant to ~15064.5
.~..~
CA-SBR-7702H No adverse effect
Eight structural
features
----~-
CA-SBR-8248H No adverse effect
Retaining walls,
trash, historic
features
CA-SBR-I0795H No adverse effect
1940's to 1060's
trash
PI071-21 Less then significant with
1890 Stone Ditch mitigation
tunnel
~~~--
P1071-27 Adobe No adverse effect
house with add-on's
~_._.w ._.____.__.__.__
P36-0177321850- Less then significant with
1860 rock and mitigation
concrete flume
P36-020267 Historic No adverse effect
era culvert
RECOMMENDATIONS
Prior to issuance of the first preliminary or precise grading permit, CA-SBR-2268/H (including
the four newly recorded loci), CA-SBR-7019H, CA-SBR-7020H, CA-SBR-7022H, CA-SBR-
7049B, PlO71-21, and P36-017732 must be evaluated to determine if the sites are a "historical
resource" as defined under Section 15064.5 of the CEQA Guidelines.
Evaluation for CA-SBR-2268/H (including the loci containing the barbeque and historic trash
and the historic era trash and possible foundation remains located to the north of the hotel) may
include, but are not limited to: archival research, photo-documentation, mapping, and surface
collection of any exposed artifacts. The artifacts will be marked with a pin flag as they are
encountered and the location and elevation of each measured using a transit and stadia. Each
artifact will be placed in a bag and returned to the laboratory for further processing. Subsurface
excavation would consist of a combination of hand auger testing to determine if subsurface
artifacts are present, systematic hand excavation of units, and backhoe trenching. Excavated dirt
would be screened through 1I8th inch mesh and recovered artifacts would be labeled with the
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appropriate information and returned to the laboratory for processing. Upon completion of the
analysis, all ofthe information will be incorporated into a report.
Evaluation for CA-SBR-7019H would include but not be limited to; archival research,
photographic documentation, line drawing documentation, and all of the information
incorporated into a report.
The evaluations for CA-SBR-7020H and CA-SBR-7022H would include but not be limited to;
archival research, photographic documentation, line drawing documentation, and backhoe
trenching to determine if subsurface features or historic era trash are present The trenching
would be accomplished by a backhoe and operator under the guidance of a qualified
archaeologist; the dirt would be screened through lISth inch mesh; and all artifacts collected,
labeled with the appropriate Iocational information, and returned to the laboratory for analysis.
All of the resulting information would be incorporated into a report.
Evaluations for CA-SBR-7049H, PI071-21, and P36-017732 would include but not belimited
to; archival research, photographic documentation, line drawing documentation, and all of the
information incorporated into a report.
If upon completion of the test level investigations, the sites are determined to be "historical
resources," the archaeologist shall submit their recommendations to the landowner or subsequent
project applicant and the Director of Community Development on the measures that shall be
implemented to protect the sites. Appropriate mitigation measures for "historical resources"
could include preservation of the site through avoidance or capping, incorporation of the site in
greenspace, parks or open space, data recovery excavations of the finds, or compliance with the
Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for
Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings (1995). To the
extent these sites are not preserved in place, the archaeologist shall conduct a data recovery
program which includes:
(1) Preparation of a research design for those sites determined to be "historical
resources" that cannot be avoided that describes the recommended field
investigations, and makes provisions for adequately recovering the scientifically
consequential information from and about the "historical resource."
(2) Conducting site excavations in accordance with the research design with an
emphasis on obtaining an adequate sample for analysis within the limits of the
research questions being addressed. Special studies such as pollen analyses, soil
analyses, radiocarbon dating, and obsidian hydration dating should be conducted as
appropriate.
(3) Preparation of a final report of the Phase III work and submittal of the research
design and final report to the South Central Coast Information Center (SCCIC), and
other agencies, as appropriate.
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(4) Any archaeological or historical artifacts recovered as a result of mitigation shall
be donated to a qualified scientific institution approved by the Director of Community
Development where they would be afforded long term preservation to allow future
scientific study.
These recommendations shall have been reviewed and approved by the Director of
Community Development prior to issuance of the grading permit and prior to any
surface disturbance on the project sitc.
The recommendation for the study area are presented in the following table:
TABLE 2
Recommendations
Site and Comments Recommended Mitigation
Description
CA-SBR-2268 Registered as a A voidance if possible or: Archival research;
Hotel complex/ County Point of photographic and line drawing documentation,
prehistoric village Historic Interest clearance of vegetation; surface collection of
any visible artifacts, backhoe trenching, hand
auger testing, shovel test pits, systematic hand
excavation of, laboratory analysis of artifacts;
and results incorporated in a report
Gazebo Element of CA-SBR- Avoidance if possible or: Archival research;
2268 photographic and line drawing documentation;
additional exploratory excavation to detcrmine
extent of features; and results incorporated in a
report.
Bathing Area Element of CA-SBR- A voidance if possible or: Archival research;
2268 photographic and line drawing documentation,
additional exploratory excavation to determine
extent of feature; and results incorporated in a
report.
Barbequc and historic Element ofCA-SBR- Avoidance if possible or: Archival research;
era trash 2268 photographic and line drawing documentation,
clearance of vegetation; surface collection of
visible artifacts, hand auger testing, shovel test
pits, systematic hand excavation of units within
trash deposit, laboratory analysis of artifacts;
and results incorporated in a report.
Historic era trash and Element of CA-SBR- A voidance if possible or;
possible foundation 2268 Surface collection of visible artifacts, backhoe
remams trench excavation to determine if subsurface
features are present, hand auger testing, shovel
test pits, systematic hand excavation of units
within trash deposit, laboratory analysis of
artifacts; and results incorporated in a report
Mano Element ofCA-SBR- None required
2268
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_.u_______
TABLE 2
Recommendations
Site and Comments Recommended Mitigation
Description
- --
Isolated artifact
CA-SBR-6869H Evaluated by None required
oven/chimney & trash Greenwood and
Associates 1997
--
CA-SBR-6870H Recorded by None required
concrete road bridge Greenwood and
Associates
Same as recorded
CA-SBR-7019H Recorded by Shinn Avoidance if possible or:
holding tanks, gutter Same as recorded Archival research, photographic and line
drawing documentation; and results
incorporated in a report
CA-SBR-7020H Recorded by Shinn Avoidance if possible or:
retaining wall, steps, Same as recorded Archival research, photographic and line
no foundation drawing documentation; backhoe trench
excavation to determine if subsurface features
arl::Jlresent; and results incorporated in a report
CA-SBR-7021H Recorded by Shinn None required
Possible remains of Impacted by
1885 Del Rosa Water construction activities
Company trench ---
CA-SBR-7022H Recorded by Shinn Avoidance if possible or:
retaining walls. Same as recorded Archival research, photographic and line
drawing documentation; backhoe trench
excavation to determine if subsurface features
are present; and results incorporated in a report
\
CA-SBR-7049H Recorded by Avoidance ifpossible or:
Rim of the W orId McCarthy and Photographic and additional historic
Highway Goodman; they state documentation
on site form that it is a
Significant Road in
Southern California
history
No apparent change. -.--......---
CA-SBR-7702H Evaluated by None required
Eight structural Greenwood and
features Assoc iates 1997.
Further damage by
flooding, construction -- -
CA-SBR-8248H Evaluated by None required
Retaining walls, trash, Greenwood 1997
historic features Heavily damaged by
Inland feeder project ~_._"-~....._.. . --.-..----. .. . --_._----_.~.--._....._-
CA-SBR-I0795H Only a portion None required
1940's to 1060's trash evaluated
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--~
TABLE 2
Recommendations
--~.---
Site and Comments Recommended Mitigation
Description ~~...
Completely destroyed -,-~_._~-
P1071-21 Same as recorded A voidance if possible or:
1890 Stone Ditch Photographic and additional historic
tunnel documentation
P1071-27 Evaluated by Shinn None required
Adobe house with Fire destroyed most
add-on's offadd-on's and left
adobe walls standing
P36-017732 Same as recorded A voidance if possible or:
1850-1860 rock and Photographic and additional historic
concrete flume documentation
P36-020267 Architectural survey None required
Historic era culvert found not eligible for
inclusion in NRHP
Same as recorded
Due to the archaeological sensitivity of the area indicated by the many cultural resources, it is
recommended that a qualified archaeologist monitor any ground disturbing activity during all
ground disturbing activities. The monitoring archaeologist must be empowered to temporarily
divert grading equipment in the event of a discovery and allow for sufficient time to evaluate and
potentially remove the find.
Joan C. Brown, M.A, RP A
Senior Project Manager - Cultural Resources
Michael Tuma, M.S., RP A
Scientist - Cultural Resources
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REFERENCES CITED
Bean, Lowell John
1978 Cahuilla. In, Robert F. Heizer, editor, Handbook of North American Indians,
California, Vot8, pp. 575-587. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C.
Bean, Lowell John and c.R. Smith
1978 Gabrielino. In, Robert F. Heizer, editor, Handbook of North American Indians,
California, VoIS, pp. 538-549. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C.
Bean, Lowell John and Sylvia Brakke Vane
1981 Native American Places in the San Bernardino National Forest, San Bernardino and
Riverside Counties. Report on file at the San Bernardino Information Center, San
Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
Brown, Joan C.
2003 Cultural Resources ReeOlmaissance of the Proposed Arrowhead Parkway Alignments
Located in San Bernardino, California. Report on file at the San Bernardino
Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
Carrico, Richard, Allan Schilz, Frank Norris, and Richard Minnich
1982 Cultural Resources Overview: San Bernardino National Forest, California. Vol. 1,
ppA-55.
Chartkoff, J. L. & K. K. Chartkoff
1984 The Archaeology of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
Foster, John M., James J. Schmitd, Carmen A. Weber, Gwendolyn R. Romani, and Roberta
Greenwood
1991 Cultural Resources Investigation: Inland Feeder Project, MWD of Southern CA.
Report on file at the San Bernardino Information Center, San Bernardino County
Museum, Redlands, California.
Governor's Office of Planning and Research
1998 CEQA, California Environmental Quality Act Statutes and Guidelines. Governors
Office of Planning and Research, Sacramento, California.
Haenszel, Arda
1977 Archaeological Site Record (CA-SBR-2268/H). On file at the San Bernardino
Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
Home, Melinda
1998 Notification of Archaeological Site or Isolate Discovery & Evaluation of Historic Site
CA-SBR-2268/H-Inland Feeder Project. Report on file at the San Bernardino
Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
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Livingstone, David
2004 Cultural resources technical Report Waterman Canyon Road. Report on file at the
San Bernardino Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands,
California.
McCarthy, Daniel and John D. Goodman II
2001 Archaeological Site Record (CA-SBR-07049H). On file at the San Bernardino
Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
Office of Historic Preservation
1988 Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents
and Format. Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation,
Sacramento, California.
1997 Instructions for Nominating Historical Resources to the California Register of
Historical Resources. Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento, California
Romani, Gwendolyn, Genevieve Head, and Neil Kaptain
1990 Archaeological Site Record (CA-SBR-6870H). On file at the San Bernardino
Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
Schmidt, James
1997 Cultural Resources Investigations: Waterman Hot Springs (CA-SBR-6869H, CA-
SBR-7702H, and CA-SBR-8284H). Report on file at the San Bernardino Information
Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
Scott, K. B.
1976Development of Water Facilities in the Santa Ana Basin, California, 1810-1868.
Submitted to the U.S. Geologic Survey. Report on file at the San Bernardino
Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
Shinn, Juanita R.
1991 A Cultural Resources Reconnaissance of the Arrowhead Springs Property,
Approximately 89 Acres Located in San Bernardino County, California. Report on
file at the San Bernardino Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum,
Redlands, California.
Wilke, Phillip J. and Harry Lawton .
1975 Early Observations on the Cultural Geography of Coach ell a Valley, In Lowell Bean
editor, The Cahuilla Indians afthe Colorado Desert: Ethnohistory and Prehistory,
Part 1, pp. 23. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No.3.
Williams, S. and M.C. Hamilton
1998 Archaeological Site Record (CA-SBR-10795H). On file at the San Bernardino
Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California.
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APPENDIX B
Record Search Results
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL INFORM A TION CENTER
San Bernardino County Museum
2024 Orange Tree Lane
Redlands, CA 92374
,~lask:!@sbcm.sbcoll~1T}~
(909) 307-2669)( 255
FAX (909) 307-0689
San Bernardino
County
1 November 2004
Joan Brown
SWCA
23392 Madero
Suite L
Mission Viejo, CA 92691
(949) 770-8042
HISTORICAL RESOlURCES RECORD SEARCH: A..1l"f'iJlWhe<ill.d Springs
In response to your request for information dated 26 October 2004, a record search has been
conducted for the above project on USGS San Bernardino North 7.5' quad.
H:istorit:a1 Resou:oces:
Prehistoric Archaeological Resources:
1 prehistoric archaeological sites
o pending prehistoric archaeological sites
o prehistoric isolates
Historic Archaeological Resources (sites older than 50 years of age):
9 historic archaeological sites
3 pending historic archaeological sites
o historic isolates
4 historic structures
4+ possible historic structure I archaeological site locations determined from historic
maps (maps checked):: Thompson, 1917/20; Beasley, 1892; Blackburn, 1932,;
HaJl., 1888; Uppencott, 1898; AAA-various; USGS San Bernardino, 1893/4; US Army
San Bernardino, 1940/1.
Cultural Landscapes:
o cultural Landscapes
Ethnic Resources:
o ethnic resources
Heritage Properties (designated by State and Federal col1UIUssions):
o National Register Listed Properties
o National Register Eligible Properties
o California Historic Landmarks
1 California Points of Historic Interest
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PREVIOUS HISTORICAL RlESOURCE INVESTIGATIONS:
Historical resource reports for the project area include;
10 Area-specific survey reports
5 General area overviews
ill addition to the Center's historical resources files, the following publications, manuscripts or
correspondence also were consulted:
American Association for State and Local History
1989 National Register of Historic Places, 1966-1988. Nashville, TN.
California Office of Historic Preservation
1986 Survey of Surveys: A Summro::y of California's Historical and Architectural
Resource Surveys.
1988 Five Views: An Ethnic Sites Survey for California.
1997 California Histori<':aI Landmarks.
1992 California Points of Historical Interest.
2004 Listing of National Register Properties-Records entered into the OHP
computer file-received quarterly.
2004 Inventory of Historic Structures-Records entered :into the OHP computer file
of historic resources-received quarterly.
San Bernardino County Museum
1980 Historical Landmarks of San Bernardino County. Ouarterly of the San
Bernardino County Museum Association 28(1-2).
C-82
SENSITIVITY OF PROjECf AREA FOR mSTOlUCAL RESOlURCJES:
Based upon the above information, available historical records and maps, and comparisons with
similar environmental localities, the sensitivity assessment for this project area is:
Prehisturic Archaeological Resources
Historic Archaeological Resources
Historic Resources
Cultural Landscapes
Ethnic Resources
High
High
High
Unknown
Unknown
Comments: Potential for all types of resources based on sites found in and surrormding the APE and
sites shown on historic maps. APE :is adjacent to the boundaries of the historic Rancho Muscupiabe.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. A field survey should be conducted by a qualified professional for historical resources within
portions of the project area not: previously surveyed for such resources.
2. Contact the San Bernardino County Archives for information on historical property records.
Contact them at 777 E. Rialto Ave.,. San Bernardino, CA 92415-0795, or call for an appointment (909)
387-2030.
3. Contact the Native American Heritage Commission for information regarding sacred lands.
Contact the Commission at 915 Capitol Malt Room 364, Sacramento, CA 95814 or (916) 653-4082
4. Inventory all historical resources, including archaeological and historic resources older than 50
years, using appropriate State record forms, following guidelines in the California Office of Historic
Preservation's handbook "Instructions for Recording Historical Resources". Submit two (2) copies of
the completed forms to the San Bernardino County Archaeological Information Center for the
assignment of trinomials.
5. Evaluate the significance and integrity of all historical resources within the project area, using
criteria established in Appendix K of the CEQA Guidelines for important archaeological resources
and! or 36 CPR 60.4 for eligibility for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.
6. Propose mitigation measures, and recommend condition of approval (if a local government
action), to eliminate adverse project effects to significant, important and unique historical resources,
following appropriate CEQA and/or National Historic Preservation Act-Section 106 guidelines.
7. Prepare a technical resources management report, documenting the inventory, evaluation and
proposed mitigation of resources within the project area (following guidelines for Archaeological
Resource Management Reports prepared by the California Office of Historic Preservation,
Preservation Planning Bulletin 4(a), December 1989). Submit one copy of the completed report (with
original illustrations) to the San Bernardino County Archaeological Information Center for
permanent archiving.
C-83
A CEQ A Initial Study of I'M[A \'BE$( for potential adverse environmental impact to historical
resources is warranted unless it can be documented by a qualified professional that NO resources
older than 45 years in age exist on the property. Implementation of the above recommendations will
ensure that existing historical resources win be inventoried and evaluated! and that appropriate
mitigation measures will be recommended to avoid adverse impacts.
If appropriate mitigation measun~s are not proposed for significant historical resources within the
project area, then subsequent destruction of I:.hese resources may violated the California
Environmental Quality Act, Nation Environmental Policy Act, National HiStoric ,Preservation Act,
California codes or various local government ordinances.
If prehistoric or historic artifacts over 50 years in age area encountered during land modification,
than activities in the immediate area of the finds should be halted and an on-site inspection should be
performed immediately by a qualified archaeologist. This professional will be able to assess the find!
determine its significance, and make recommendations for appropriate mitigation measures within
the guidelines of the California Environmental Quality Act and/ or the Federal National
Environmental Policy Act.
If human remains are encountered on the property, then the San Bernardino County Coroner's Office
lVWSI' be contacted within 24 hours of the find, and all work should be halted until a clearance is
given by that office and any other involved agencies. Contact the County Coroner at 175 South Lena
Road, San Bernardino, CA 92415-0037 or (909) 387-2543, (760) 955-8535 in Victorville, (760) 365-1668
in Yucca Valley or (760) 326-4825 in Needles.
The County of San Bernardino requests that historical resource data and artifacts collected within
this project area be permanently curaled at a repository within the County. Per a State Historical
Resources CoIllmission motion dated 7 Feb 1992, the repository selected should consider 36 CPR 79,
Curation of Federally-owned and Adm:mistered Archaeological Collection; Final Rule, as published
Federal Register, 12 Sept 1990, or a later amended for, for archival collection standards.
If you have any further questions, please, contact me at (909) 307-2669 x 255, Monday through Friday
between 8 AM and 4 PM.
( //~- /,~//::fl:-~:~'iL
\ I ,yo ,- [ --dJLA
\ .-/)C {t:-t/J / {' ;
------ (
Robin E. Laska
Assistant Center Coordinator
C-84
Document No.: 1062106
MACKO, MICR~EL E.
1990 RESULTS OF AN INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PM 8751 (6.2
- ACRES), CITY OF SAN BERNARDINO, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.
MACKO ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING. SUBMITTED TO CHEELEY CHIROPRACTIC, INC.
UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B. CO. MUSEUM, 2024 ORANGE TREE LANE,
REDLANDS, CA 92374.
Unpublished Report
Last Update: 10/09/1990 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on 10/09/1990
Keywords: PREHISTORIC (1), HISTORIC (1), ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE
REPORT (1), TRANSVERSE RANGES (4), SAN BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS (4), NO
RESOURCES (4), USGS SAN BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5' QUAD (4), 90-6,1 (7)
Document No.: 1062462
SHINN, JUANITA R.
Unpublished Report
1991 A CULTURAL RESOURCES RECONNAISSANCE OF THE ARROWHEAD SPRINGS
PROPERTY, APPROXIMATELY 89 ACRES LOCATED IN SAA BERNARDINO, SAN
BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. RMW PALEO ASSOCIATES. SUBMITTED TO
TERRACE PINES DEVELOPMENT CO. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B. CO.
MUSEUM, 2024 ORANGE TREE LANE, RED LAND S , CA 92374.
Last Update: OS/20/1992 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on OS/20/1992
Keywords: PREHISTORIC (1), HISTORIC (i), ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE
REPORT (1), WATER TRANSPORTATION SITES (I), RESIDENTIAL SITES (1), WALLS
(I), INTERMONTANE VALLEY (4), SAN BERNARDINO VALLEY (4), CA-SBR-7019H(4),
CA-SBR-7020H (4), CA-SBR-7021H (4), CA-SBR-7022H (4), P1071-27H (4), USGS
SAN BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5' QUAD (4), 91-8.8 (7)
Document No.: 1062474
SHINN, JUANITA R.
1991 ADDENDUM TO: A CULTURAL RESOURCES RECONNAISSANCE OF THE ARROWHEAD
SPRINGS PROPERTY, APPROXIMATELY 89 ACRES LOCATED IN SAN BERNARDINO, SAN
BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA. RMW PALEO ASSOCIATES. SUBMITTED TO TERRACE
PINES DEVELOPMENT. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B. CO. MUSEUM, 2024
ORANGE TREE LANE, REDLANDS, CA 92374.
Unpublished Report
Last Update: OS/21/1992 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on OS/21/1992
Keywords: HISTORIC (1), HISTORIC STRUCTURES RECONNAISSANCE REPORT (I),
RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE (l), INTERMONTANE VALLEY (4), SAN BERNARDINO VALLEY
(4), RESOURCE NUMBER UNKNOWN (4)., USGS SAN BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5 i QUAD (4),
91-11.4 (7)
Document No.: 1062806
SCHMIDT, JAMES J.
1992 CULTURAL RESOURCE INVESTIGATION OF THE METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT
OF SOUTHEID~ CALIFORNIA AND US FOREST SERVICE LAND EXCHANGE PROJECT.
GREENWOOD AND ASSOCIATES. SUBMITTED TO P & D TECHNOLOGIES. CONTRACT NO.
05-12-CA-60. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B. CO. MUSEUM, 2024 ORANGE
TREE LANE, REDLANDS, CA 92374.
Unpublished Report
Last Update: 01/18/1994
Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on 01/18/1994
C-85
Keywords: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE REPORT (1), 40 ACRES (4), SAN
BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS (4), TRANSVERSE RANGES (4) y NO RESOURCES (4), USGS
SA1.\T BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5 i QUAD (4)
Document No.: 1062853 Unpublished Report
FOSTER, JOHN M. y JAMES J. SCHMIDT, CARMEN A. WEBER { GWENDOLYN R. ROMllliI y AND
ROBERTA S. GREENWOOD
1991 CULTURAL RESOURCE INVESTIGATION; INLAND FEEDER PROJECT, MWD OF
SOUTHERN CA. GREENWOOD & ASSOCIATES. SUBMITTED TO P&D TECHNOLOGIES.
r:j UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B" CO. MUSEUM, 2024 ORANGE TREE LANE,
~,DREDLANDS, CA 92374.
Last Update: 04/20/1994 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on 04/20/1994
Keywords: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE REPORT (1), STRUCTURAL SITE (1),
FOUNDATIONS (1), BRIDGE (1), WALLS (1), WATER STORAGE SITE (li, WATER
TRANSPORTATION SITE (I), REFUSE DISPOSAL SITE (1), DAIRY SITE (1), FENCE
(1), CANAL (1), RESIDENTIAL SITE {l), FLUME (1), BEDROCK MORTARS (1),
RANCHING SITE (1), ORCHARD (1), AGRICULTURAL SITE (1), RAILROAD SITE (1),
WELL (1), CISTERN (I), POWER PLANT (1), CERAMICS (3), GLASS (3), METAL
(3), WAGON (3), WOOD (3), SHELL (3), FAUNAL REMAINS (3), GLASS BOTTLE (3),
POTTERY (3), CANS (3), BRICK (3), MANO (3) f TINNED CANS (3), ADOBE (3),
CONCRETE (3), 136 MILES (4), SAN BERNARDINO VALLEY (4), RIVERSIDE (4),
INTERMONTANE VALLEY {4}, USGS SAN BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5' QUAD (4) I USGS
DEVORE 7. 5 I QUAD ( 4), USGS FONTANA 7. 5' QUAD ( 4), USGS SAN BERNARD INO
SOUTH 7.5' QUAD {4}, USGS REDLANDS 7.5\ QUAD (4), USGS HARRISON 7.5' QUAD
(4) I USGS YUCAIPA 7.5' QUAD (4), CA-SBR-6086H (4), CA-SBR-6354H (4),
CA-SBR-6847H (4)( CA-SBR-6848H (4), CA-SBR-6849H (4), CA-SBR-6850H (4),
CA-SBR-6851H (4)( CA-SBR-6852H (4), CA-SBR-6853H (4), CA-SBR-6854H (4) I
CA-SBR-685SH (4), CA-SBR-68S6H (4), CA-SBR-6857H (4), CA-SBR-6858H (4) I
CA-SBR-6859H (4), CA-SBR-6860H (4), CA-SBR-6861H (4), CA-SBR-6862H (4),
CA-SBR-6863H (4), CA-SBR-6864H (4), CA-SBR-6865H (4), CA-SBR-6866H (4),
CA-SBR-6867H (4), CA-SBR-6868H (4), CA-SBR-6869H (4), CA-SBR-6870H (4),
CA-SBR-6871H (4), CA-SBR-6872H (4), CA-SBR-6940H (4), CA-SBR-7021H (4),
CA-SBR-7050 (4), CA-SBR-705lH (4), CA-SBR-7053H (4), CA-SBR-7054H (4),
CA-SBR-7055H (4), CA-SBR-7702H (4), Pl074-35H (4), P1074-124H (4),
P1063-5H (4), PSBR-20H (4), PREHISTORIC (5), HISTORIC (5), GABRIELINO (5) I
SERRANO (5), LUIS.ENO (5)
Document No.: 1063117
LOVE, BRUCE
1996 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD SEAECH RESULTS, SAN BERNARDINO VEGETATION
MANAGEMENT PROJECT. 23PP. CRM TECH. SUBMITTED TO TOM DODSON &
ASSOCIATES. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B. CO. MUSEUM, 2024 ORANGE
TREE LANE, REDLANDS, CA 92374. .
Unpublished Report
Last Update~ OS/25/1998 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on OS/25/1998
Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW (I), NO ACRES (1), SAN BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS (4),
TRANSVERSE RANGE (4), NO RESOURCES (4), USGS HARRISON MTN 705' QUAD (4) r
USGS SAl\f BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5! QUAD (4), USGS REDLANDS 7.51 QUAD (4)
Document No.: 1063307
SCHMIDT r JAMES, BAI TOM TANG, .AND JUNE SCHMIDT
1997 CULTU~L RESOURCES IN\ffiSTIGATIONS: WATERMlU~ HOT SPRINGS. 56PP.
GREEMqOOD & ASSOCIATES. SUBMITTED TO MWD. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT
S . B. CO. MUSEUM, 2024 ORANGE TREE ~ RED LANDS , CA 92374.
Unpublished Report
Last Update: 04/26/2001 Cataloged by: WRO~CA-03 on 04/26/2001
Keywords: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE REPORT (1), HISTORIC (1), RESORT
(I); WATER TRANSPORTATION (1), STANDING STRUCTURES (1), FOUNDATIONS (I),
REFUSE DISPOSAL (1), ROAD (1), WELL (1), CHIMNEY (1), CISTERN (1), WALLS
(I), LANDSCAPING (1), FENCE (1), DITCH (I), FOUNTAIN (1), WATER TROUGH
(1), METAL POSTS (1), STEAM CAVES (1), FARMING SITE (1), POWER POLES (I),
IRRIGATION SYSTEM (1), GLASS (3), JARS (3), CERAMICS (3), METAL PIPE (3),
CONCRETE (3), BOLTS (3), ASH (3), WOOD (3), WIRE NAILS (3), BURNT BONE
(3), BRICK (3), PLASTER (3), CANS (3) I GLASS BOTTLES (3), ASPHALT SHINGLES
(3) I PORCELAIN PLUMBING FIXTURES (3), TERRA COTTA TILE {3), CUT NAILS (3),
WINDOW GLASS (3), POCKET WATCH CASE (3), WIRE (3), RUBBER HOSE (3), TINNED
CAN (3), EARTHEN WARE (3), PORCELAIN (3), SHELL (3), ENAMELED METAL CANS
(3), CERAMIC INSULATOR (3), FLATWARE (3), METAL HARDWARE (3), STEEL TIRES
(3), AXLES (3), BOX IRONS (3), METAL WAGON FITTINGS (3), TABLEWRE (3),
SCREWS (3), COAT HOOK (3), HINGES (3), TOWEL ROD (3), ELECTRICAL FIXTURES
(3), VALVE (3), LIGHT SOCKETS (3), TUBES (3), BULLET CARTRIDGE (3); CLAY
MARBLE (3), ZINC JAR LIDS (3), SCREW TOP BOTTLE CAP (3), STEEL CHISEL (3),
HACKSAW BLADE (3), ELECTRICAL WIRE (3), HORSESHOE (3), CLOTHESPIN SPRING
(3), SAN BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS (4), TRANSVERSE RANGES (4), CA-SBR-6869H
(4), CA~SBR-7702H (4), CA-SBR-8248H (4), CA-SBR~2268H (4), CPHI-008 (4),
CHL-977 (4), USGS SAN BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5' QUAD (4), AD1863-PRESENT (5)
Document No.: 1063642
HORNE, MELINDA
1998 NOTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OR ISOLATE DISCOVERY &
EVALUATION OF HISTORIC SITE CA-SBR-2268/H--INLAND FEEDER PROJECT. 14PP.
APPLIED EARTHWORKS. SUBMITTED TO SHPO. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT
{y" S. B. CO. MUSEUM, 20-24 ORANGE TREE LANE, REDLANDS, CA 92374.
Unpublished Report
Last Update; 02/04/2004 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on 02/04/2004
Keywords: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING REPORT (I), HISTORIC (1), REFUSE
DISPOSAL SITE e1}, GLASS (3), CORK (3), CERAMIC (3), PLASTIC COMB (3),
COSMETIC CASE (3), BONE (3), ROOF TILE (3), PLASTER (3), WINDOW GLASS (3),
CARVED BONE (3), 1 ACRE (4), SAN BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS (4), TRANSVERSE
RANGES (4), CA-SBR-2268/H (4), USGS SAN BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5' QUAD (4), AD
1940-1960 (S)
C-87
Cultural Resources Technical Report
/6te~(j'lf:
:::t346#
Waterman Canyon Road
County of San Bernardino
FEMA-1498-DR-CA, PW #714
May 2004
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""'''',~ FEMA
C-88
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
1111 Broadway, Suite 1200
Oakland, California 94607
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CULTlfJRE RESOURCES RECONNAISSANCE OF THE PROPOSED ARROWHEAD
P ARKW A Y ALIGNMENTS LOCATED IN SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for
The Planning Center
1580 Metro Drive
Costa Mesa, California 92626
Prepared by
Joan C. Brown, Registered Professional Archaeologist
SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS, In.
23392 Madero, Suite L
Mission Viejo, California 92691
(949) 770-8042
www.swca.com
USGS Quadrangle
San Bernardino North 1967, Photorevised 1988
SWCA Project No. 6597-111
SWCA Cultural Resources Report No. CRRD 2003-101
March 2003
C-89
(,'-~ '~ '
".-d0/"-'
OVER.REP
06/05/98
USGS SAN BERNARDINO NORTH 7.5' QUAD
Overview Reports
Document No.: 1060447 Unpublished Report
SCOTT, M. B.
1976 DEVELOPMENT OF W.ATER FACILITLES IN THE SANTA ANA RIVER BASIN,
CALIFORNIA, IB10-1968. M. B. SCOTT. SUBMITTED TO U.S. GEOLOGICAL
SURVEy. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B. CO. MUSEUM, 2024, ORANGE TREE
LANE, REDLANDS, CA 92374.
Last Update: 04/05/89 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on 12/07/88
Document No.: 1061115 _____"H_
BEAN, LOWELL JOHN AND SYLVIA BRAKKE VANE
1981 NATIVE AMERICAN PLACES IN THE SAN BERNARDINO NATIONAL FOREST, SAN
BERNARDINp AND RIVERSIDE COUNTIES~ CALIFORNIA. CULTURAL SYSTEMS
RESEARCH, INC. SUBMITTED TO U.S. FOREST SERVICE. CONTRACT NO.
53-9JA9-Q-212. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B. CO. MUSEUM, 2024
ORANGE TREE LANE, REDLANDS, CA 92374.
Last Update: 04/05/89 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on 03/06/89
-
Unpublished Report
Document No.: 1061300 Unpublished Report
CARRICO, RICHARD, ALLAN SCHILZ, FRANK NORRIS, A.ND RICHARD MINNICH
1982 CULTURAL RESOURCE OVERVIEW: SAN BERNARDINO NATIONAL FOREST,
CALIFORNIA.. WESTEC SERVICES, me. SUBMITTED TO U. S. FOREST. SERVICE.
CONTRACT NO. 53-9JA9-0-219. UNPUBLISHED REPORT ON FILE AT S.B. co.
MUSEUM, 2024 ORANGE TREE LANE, REDLANDS, CA 92374. .
Last Updat~: 04/14/89 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on 04/14/89
.
Document No.: 1062261 Journal Article
ROBINSON, JOHN W. AND BRUCE R. RISHER
1990 SAN BERNARDINO NATIONAL FOREST: A CENTURY OF FEDERAL STEWARDSHIP.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY MUSEUM ASSOCIATION QUARTERLY, 37(4):1-88.
Last Update: 10/30/91 Cataloged by: WRO-CA-03 on 10/24/91
Document No.: 1062963 Journal Article
HAENSZEL, ARDA
1992 MQRMONS IN SAN BERNARDINQ~ SAN BERNARD.INQ COUNTY MU:SEUM ASSOCIATION
QUARTERLY, 39(3):3-39.
Las.t Update: 02/0.8/95 Catalog.ed by: WRO-CA-U3 on 02/0.8/95
1
C-90
CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX
APPENDIX C
Archaeological Site Records
C-91
Appendices
THIS APPENDIX IS AVAILABLE AT THE CITY OF SAN BERNARDINO DEPARTMENT
OF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES UPON REQUEST.
Genera! Plan Update and Associated Specific Plam EIR
Q.\SHC-15J)(J\HIR\[),aji ElR\DEfR App,ndix e,.n V,I W.d,,'
The Plcmnmg Center
C-92
~
Appendices
This page left intentionally blank.
General Plan Update and Auociated Specific Plans EIR
Q'\SBC-J 5,OG\EIR',D,',,/i EIR\DElRAppmdix Cv< f - Vol iII,d", C-93
The Planning Center