HomeMy WebLinkAbout35-Public Comments Handout 1
$"""" _--'-......-.................-. "" ... _..- .. ......- ".........-....--c "---...............e---
.............. _..~......___. v_...__. v___...~~-v-J. ...._........~....-..C'-.................t'....-..
:~'<lj:.' ''-';i''0:1~;:2~\:::Q~)2' """~': O:,,>,,~'~'
The following article appean In the joumllI JOM,
49 (7) (1997). pp. 14-21,83.
JOM.. pa~ otThe Mlherals. Metals &: Materials Sodetv
Overview
Hot Demonstrations of Nuclear-Waste Processing
Technologies
aF. McFarlane, K.M. Goff, F.g. Felicioue, C.C. >>wil!ht, and D.B. Barber
"",.,
Several types of nuclear-waste-treatment technologies are currently being i' I ------ -------
demonstrated atAmonne National Laboratory-West, rangingfrom complex, r;! CONTENTS
high-level waste-form production to a relatively simple encapsulation-' ,----------------- --------
technique for the immobilization of mixed hazardous/radioactive waste. 'j I
Typically, the tkmonstratlons involve a cooperative arrangement among the ;: I
organizations responsible for tkveloping the processes, operating the ~ !
fael/ities, and conducting the test programs. By summarizing the common ;, I
approach taken for demonstrations of three very different waste-treatment f I
processes, this article illustrates the necessity of process demonstrations using ~ !
typical radioaetive waste streams in the development of industrially viable ;i l'
waste-treatment technologies. 'l
~I
/;1
~i
'I
f:l
During the 199Os, the scientific and engineering infrastmcture at Ar/(onnec i
t:!
National Laboratorv-West (ANL-W) increasingly turned toward supporting .' I
nuclear-waste-processin demonstrations.l Rel:ent estimates of the cost of : 1
environmental management in the U.S. Department of Enerl(V (DOE) complex ~ i
range from $189-350 billion over the next 75 years.~ The lower end of the [, I
range '~IMSCnts cost savings to be brought about, in part, by the application of H I
new technologies for nuclear waste treatment. However, in years past there has :: i
not always been adequate linkage between the deve10pment of new
technologies in the laboratory and environmental management projects in the field. As a result, there has been increased
pressure to cut the development cycle time from con<:ept to deployment Conversely, premature deployment of emerging
tecbnologies has, on occasion, resolted in failure and significant financial losses. J
INTRODUCTION
. INTRODUCTION
. IDGH-LEVEL WASTE FORM
DEVELOPMENT AND
TESTING
o Laboratorv-Scale Tests
o EDltineeriUl(-Scale TestS
o Demonstration-Scale TestS
with Irradiated Materials
. PLASMA-HEAR1H PROCESS
BENCHSCALE PROJECT
. CHEMICALLY BONDED
PHOSPHATE CERAMICS
DEMONSTRATION
PROJECTS
. CONCLUSIONS
. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
. References
"<".,....~,~.1:,.,"'....'(,j;-_.
Hot demonstrations with actua1 radioactive waste inevitably reveal a number of new process and equipment issues that
have not come to light during cold development in the laboratory with surrogate materials. Soand ensineering solutions to
these problems are required before a new process can be made viable for application at an industria1 scale. The
demonstrations at ANL- W are designed to provide this necessary link. in the development of waste treatment processes
before substantial funds are risked on their deployment. Bringing to bear most of the baggage of nuclear regulation, hot
demonstrations are not inexpensive. But by taking advantage of existing nuclear facilities, eogineering expertise in
remotely operated and maintained equipment, and an extensive complement of analytical and on-line measurement
capabilities, the time and cost required for the demonstration phase of the development cycle can be minimi7.ed
By far the most extensive waste-processing demonstration is a key part of the ElectrometaIlurgical Treatment Research
and Demonstration Project sponsored by the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy Science and Tecbnology.1. Within the DOE
complex, there are some 53 categories of spent nuclear fuel for which disposition options are being evaluated.2. Many
I of 14
3/1112004 7:27 PM
,.,.,-'"
.
Wd LZ:L voom liE
vlJO Z
"gseqd lJllS Qljl II! AJ!J1lllI!.Id QI1l smu 31U
"SlJlIq liUJllP1llo QljllpJA' UJlllIIaI spnpwd UO!ssy Ojqou alOW olp oJ!ll.ll iJllS Qljl II! SQJllJOJqo S8 JlOZ!P!"o QI1l (8q1J1r.l MlJ
pue '8q1J1r.l oll!J1llllll '!JlIlII1l) spnpwd UO!SS!J OApolI Anu:>!l=IO alOW 31U "lIpOl[IIlO Olp uo p;ll!SOCf;p S! JUlOIII lDRpnun amd
AJOA!lllJaI pue 'liUJllP1llo olp JO !IIO p:IAIosslP S! J1l!.IOlIlUI XfJl1lIIII:lIIJ 31U """,,''''' jaJjllI8lll ~ 8 pu8 SlO:ljS8Q ;pone Qljl
~ PO!ldd8 S! J8!luoJOd O!JlOOjO ue pu8 '5lo:ljS8Q JOO1S II! jQSSOA Qljl Olll! JIOJ QI1l spoJ l:lIIJ-lUQds poddoq3 "3.00' f1l SlJllS
oppoJqo uOIjow liUJUJ8luoo J~jO ue S! I rOlAliojouqOQllUouq8all-J1l:lJll.mJJUlOlllOJPOjO JO lUouodmoo j8JllGlO 31U
tlNLLS:iU <INV .LNn\IdO'l:M:ilU WlI0.tl :iI.LSV A\ 'l:M:iI'l-HtlIH
"lUQUL\ojdop oj1l:lS-QliJllj JO} OjQ8J8:lS 10 Ojqllldupu
AI!Jl8aI S! l8lp UO!l8JOOo ss:l:lOJd l!1ffi 8 0l8JjSUOmOp AjOl8m!lJ1l pu8 iuomdlDOO pue ~ ss:l:lOJd II! ~d1UJ
dojOMp 'SUO!llPUOO OA!108O!P8J OIMiOloJd J;pun SlU~ pnpuoo Ol S! W8Jli0Jd qouo JO J801131U "p;ll8JjSUO=P
lluj;q s:lSS:l:lOJd Qljl JO Aue lpJA' oouojJOdx; OA!108O!P8J lUUOlJlUllJS on S! alOlp S8 'Sluouodmoo aw JIl!IlI1llSlItI
SOAjOAUJ W8Jli0Jd q:lll3 "AJ!"Ojdmoo lUaIOqUj lJQljl JJ8 pu8 SlII8:lJlS QlSll.ll 0Ap080!P8J J8a1lpJA' poJUOJjUOO BOq.ll ss:lOOId Olp
JO :l:llI1lWJOpOO Olp pu8 WJOJ QlSll.ll J8U!J Olp l1IOlj1l U.llOIDJ S! om!l ool 'QS80 qouo UJ ";SOlO somoo lSOl Oj1l:lSqouoq dHd Olp
qllnolpjll 'uO!l8JlSUomop ssooood 11 JO Uopou JIl!.IlSIIP1I! uounuoo Qljl pow OllDb SUO!l8JlSUO=P M. -lNV 0aJ:lp Qljl JO OOON
"SUQqOlPlllIRJtl1llSOl II! P;su JOXJ1lI 8 U8lp ~~dos alom liUjIpou SOAjOAUj lUOWdJ1lbo
SSOOOJd OIJ.L "OAJSU:KIxOUJ pu8 ')plDb 'Ojd1UJs QI1l SUOp8JjSUOllGlp 3dlf3 Qljl 'su0!l1l.IlS1I01DOP dHd pu8 QlSll.lljOAOj-qllJq
JOlpO Olp Ol uos!J8dmoo UJ '1IaIV snood lDRJOOlUjd s,ooa QljlAq palosuods lluj;q S! 'qS8 JOl8lOUJOUJ llujJ8;q-mu
lillJAloAUJ 'u01l8JlSU0=P puooos 31U "=V snoo,r OlSllM. poXJW s03:oa QljlAq palosuods lluj;q S! 'sJioo lOq II! P;su sdmIlj
JoduA Am=m mOl] SSIlJll p;qsuJO liUJAjoAUJ 'u0!l1lJlSUOllmP 011() "JKll8JlSU0lD0p l!Ujoq S! SlII8:lJlS QlSll.ll JO s;d.\J ~
O.lllJo uOll1lZ!J!lJIlIS 3d1f3 "sQSSQOOJd lUOWl8all-jIlWJQljl Ol Jl:llIIll!l>>lI uoJlOUpal O1DRjOA Qljl QAQJq01llOU 800p lIUl 'dHd
olp U8lp OAJSU:KIx; SSOj pue lOjdWJS S! q:l8OIddu 3d1f3 Olp 'ojdJOlI!lll UJ "s:lSS:l:lOJd jIlWJQljl mOl] soopJSal ol!lllJOA pu8
qS8 olp lluJ7mlJlllS Aq dHd olp S8 qons sojl!OjOuqOQlllGllllOjdmoo 0SJIl Aum lIUl 'dHd Olp S8 SlII8:lJlS QlSll.ll 0W8S Olp JO Ainnn
JOJ P;su oq AJJIl!lUOlod PJ1l00 S:Jdlf3 "SOlS1I.ll poJUJIllial-W3"l1 pu8 OAJlOlIO!P8J lluJZ!J!Q1llS JO} (S:Jdlf3) soJlll8= Ol1Iqdsoqd
popuoq Anu:>!l=IO POJJ1l:l J8!l:ll1l1D JO ocIAlll JO UOJl8O!lddu Olp s:lAJoAUJ uo!l8JlSUo=p liUjssooood QlSll.ll PJ!lll31U
"1IJOl0J!l83 'tJIlPJn II! 6~ l8 polSOll!Ujoq sl l!1ffi OA!108O!P1IJOOU 'ojIlos-lOl!d Y glJOU oj1l:lSqouoq
OApo8O!P1IJOou 11 JKllSOl suq qOJq.ll "1IOll1l10010:) jIlUOllllUJOlUJ suoll1lO!laay QOUojOS pu8 lNV JO ~ J1l!Of 8 S!
lOOfOJd Oj1l:lSqouoq 01J.L "AllOjOuqOQl S!ql JO llGlllldoJOAOP Ol UQJjlll q:l8OIddu p;undlOSlP QljlliUJS!ldmoo SJOOfOJd Aalt: jIlJQAQS
JO 000 S! OlJS M.-lNV Qljllll pQJOnpuoo lluj;q UO!l8JlSUOlDop Qj1l:lSqouoq dHd Qljl '1rny snoo,r 0lSlIM. poXJW s.HOO Qljl
JO dJqSJosuods Qljl Jopufi "JlISods!P JOJ WJoJ QlSll.ll OjlJlllS AjqllJq 'oomjOA-JlIlOIIJl31l1 mnpOJd (dHd) ss:lOOId lpJ8Oq-1llUS8Jd
31U "QlSll.ll mu oq1lpJ Olp JO lUOIIJl8all JOJ p;llOOjQS AllOjouqOQl QljllOu S! n qllnolpjll 'QlSll.ll POXJ1lI ooa JO ~ OPJA'
11 JO lUOWl8aIl Olp JOJ OjQlllJUS oq ollqaDolp ssooOJd jIlWJOlp a1Ul1l.lOdmol-qllJq 8liUJl8JjSUO=p QI1l M. -lNV l8 SJQOUjllug
Z"oqupJ II! palOlS OlS8.lljOAOj-.llOj uqdJll pu8 filllJO Em 000'09 AJ0l1lW!"OJddulOJ p;llOOjQS u;;q suq q:l8OIddu
S!IJ.L "JlISods!P Ol Jopd SOlS1I.ll ""'OUfWV'UOO-lDRJOOlUjd lOJ lUOWl8all Qj\l!JlIOJcIcI1 ue S8 p;ll8Ollllns u;;q suq OOIIljOA
Qljl ooUpal pue luouodmoo snoJlIllZ1lll Qljl :llIlUJlU!Jo Ollh.~d JllIW31U "JIlSods!P pu8 UOlllljll8a1 Sll SQl1lO!ldmoo .GllpJI1J
qOJq.ll 'SJ8!l:ll1l1D snoJlIllZ1lll SUJ1Iluoo QlSll.ll Olp ion U8lp lGltJo alOW "QlSll.ll uuqdJo ue S! QlSll.ll POXJOljOAOj-.llOj1lqdjll
Olp lnq 'oo!";W .llON II! snOOo lUllJd lOI!d UO!l1ljOSJ 0lSlIM. Olp BOq.ll JlISods!P ojl!ojooll doop lOJ Ojqjl!!lo S! 0lSlI.ll filll "QlSll.ll
jOAOj-.lloj1lqdjll S8 p;llllUliJSop S! 'li1!3U OOj puelll!3u 01 ~ soJllll.lllS1l1l.JO suollllllUOOUOO lpJA' 'SS8Jo S!ql II! QlSll.ll
lluJo!8mal 31U "SluOUJOjO lDRJlIIl.IIIS1I1I. JO lUOlUOO Sll JO} QlSll.ll (mu) oJllll.lllS1l1l. S8 p;ll1IUllJSOP S! QlSll.ll S!ql JO q:mw
"so!l!J!01lJ uoJlOUPOld suod1lo.ll_pnu Olp JO UOll8JOOo liUjmp p;ll8lOuoll S1I.lll8lp QlSll.ll p;ll1lllJOIllluOO-lDRJOOlUJd JO SJ:IlQUJ
olqtt:l JO Spu8SUOlp JO snOl Olp JO uollJSods!P Qljl S! XOjdmoo gOO Qljl II! 8mOjqoM lUomoll1nmu QlSll.lllSOliJllj Olp JO 011()
"A.nquoo jXOO Olp Olll! llUJlSOl ojdmus loq pu8 suo!l8JlSUomop lUowdlDoo lpJA' '6661 qlinOJlp ouUjlUoo
Ol ~o S! lUowdojOAop WJOJ-OlSlIM. "..661 II! POjOOUUO S8.ll qoJq.lllj 'unuli0ld JOJOlIOH lSlI,r jllJ80lUJ OlpJO lJ1Id S8
~86 r II! p;llJ1llS AJJIlUlO1I SWJO} QlSll.lljOAOj-qll!1l Qljl JO lUQWdojQMp 01J.L "JlISodslP JOJ SWJoJ QlSll.ll OjlJlllS llupnpOJd pu8 JOO]
sJqlllUJss:lOOld JOJ lNV Aq poOOJOAOP lluj;q S! onbJOqOQl J1l:lJll.mflll101llOJlOOjO BY 'M.-lNV f1l (JJ-"lIaID II JOP8O"ll JOp;al1f
j1l1U~W!J:xIxg olp II! P;su S1I.lljOO] -pnu lUods p:lJlUoq-lDRWOS liuJls!x0 OlpJo 1f.lIIW "AJJApolIaJ: JIlOJOlQqo SlIJO asJ\1lOQq
J1l!.IOlIlUI SllOJlIllZ1IIlll S1l (VlIOW PV ~ pUll UO!l"AJ:>SUo;) ''''In''''''1l Qljl Jgpmt p;pIJIISaI 5' mnJPOS [lIl1JOtWlj<l
"luouq8QJl aqnboo Ol UJ8ll00 lSOm olp S! Sun>PtrJo pu8 XJ.Il1llU I:lIIJ ~lp u~ puoq JIlWlOlp 11 S1I lDRWOS ~UOO jou,r
"JlISodslP Ol Jopd )UQlIJl1laJ:l alj1lbaJ: II!A' QUlOS lDq
'jOI\l _jOOU lUods jIlJOlouuuoo JOJ posodOJd S8 AIOllsodaJ: J1l:lJllojoollll II! posOOslP ~ oq AJJIlmUOAQ Aum JOO] JO s:xL\'i
.. .'TNit\1.....C!~ naYOI'lnTTT'TI'l"Tn" {'Dt'~1"'C'lI'\.,.n"nTnJ,...,.n I O1TV\TTTn.......rT I....... .'.....rrr
_...Q......."""""""_.. o......~~___.... ___.. _____ _ __ _________ _ ____
..~Vl.~v~uauv~ Vll"lUl.ila:u-""a~u;; Cl\.l\lC3l)UJ.tS ~~ll1lV1Vtygl)
1JJ.1!;i.,f,--...'l.oIVOooou.u.u;ilJ.l.a,U.VQUU,.u.Vuo;;l.Ull!i,,'oIa1 'U.V.L.lll....V(,aty Ll(;>l)I\.\.VP, ~'-...
From this process, two high-level waste (HL W) forms are produced. The cladding hulls and noble fission products are
consolidated into a durable stainless steel, zirconium-based ingot called the metal waste form. The active fission products
are removed from the salt by ion exchange in zeolite. The zeolite is combined with glass frit and processed into a solid
monolith using a hot isostatic p1US (HIP). The zeolite-based waste is called the ceramic waste form, also known as
gJass-bonded zeolite or the mineral waste form.
The fuel-trMtment technology and its associated waste forms are being developed in parallel. The electrometallurgical
technique is very dif1erent from typical aqueoos ~ing It is a compact process, requires minillUlI chemical
additives, and produces the same types of compact In. W forms for any type of fuel processed. The waste forms have been
developed to be direct1y compatible with the chloride and metallic waste streams.
The treatment technology and waste forms have followed the same development approach. First, sma1llaboratory-scale
tests are performed using nonirradiated materials. Next, enginer.ring-ilcale tests are jleIformed with nonirradiated
materials. Finally, the process is demonstrated using irradiated materials in engineering-scale equipment The
labomtory-ilcale development of the waste forms is being done by the Chemical TechnololW Division at the ANL site in
Illinois, wbile the engineering-scale tests and the demonstration with actua1 In. W are being performed primarily at
ANL-West. Of the EBR-II spent fuel assemblies, 125 will be treated in the hot cells of the Fuel Conditioning Facility at
ANL-W. Operations with irradiated fuel began in June 1996. Engineering-scale work with nonlrradiated materials began
in early 1996.
Laboratory-Scale Tests
The labomtory-ilcale work on the waste forms started in 1985. The initial work focused on evaluating various potential
waste forms that were compatible with the fuel-treatment process. Standard waste forms such as borosilicate g1ass could
be employed, but would require additional pf'V"""'lng steps to convert the fission-product chlorides and meta1s to oxides.
A waste form that would be straightforward to produce, but that would be at 1east as durable as traditional waste forms
was a goal. On the laboratory scale, a number of waste forms, including cement and grout, were screened using
nonradioactive surropte fission products. The development work finally focused on a zeolite-based waste form and a
metallic waste form.
Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates of the group I (alkali) and group II (~lkRline earth) elements. Their framework is
a network of Al04 -4 and Si04 -4 tetmhedm linked by the sharing of oxygen atoms. The specific zeolite being tested in the
cemmic waste form is zeolite A, NaI2[(Al02h2(SiO 2)12]. The networks of tetrahedra in the zeolite form cages in which
molecules are occluded. The sodium ions in this structure are subject to ion exchange. Both of these properties are used in
prMncing the cemmic waste form. Natural sodalite, into which zeolite A can be converted, retains chloride ions very
readily. Nas[(Al02)(;(Si02)(;]CI2 is the chemical form of sodalite. A zeolite-based waste form is compatible with
fission-product chlorides and was a natural selection for stabilizing wastes from a chloride salt electrolyte.
After the selection of a zeolite-based waste form, the labomtory-ilcale work focused on optimization of the waste form.
Studies made to determine the appropriate zeolite led to the selection of zeolite A. Early in the development process,
attention turned to a composite waste form. Because the cemmic waste would be a g1ass-bonded zeolite waste form,
studies were made to determine an appropriate g1ass composition. Preparation and proce&oing studies were also
performed. Glaas-loading fractions were "....mined. Methods for preparing salt-loaded zeolite were tested, and numerous
HIP proceI'oil1g cycles were tested. Nonradioactive fission-product elements were used in these tests to simulate waste
loading. The products from these tests were subjected to relative performance tests so that screenings could be performed
to evaluate processing parameters.
From the Iabomtory-scale work, the process steps were developed for production of the cemmic waste form. First, the
zeolite procured from vendors, which often contains more than 20 wt % water, must be dried. The zeolite material is then
contacted with the molten salts at 5000C to bind fission products into the zeolite structure. This opemtion can be
performed by either batch contacting the salt with dried zeolite powder or using columns cont~ining zeolite pellets or
spheres. The salt-zeolite mixture, which contains essentially no free chloride (all the salt material is bound in the zeolite),
is sized and mixed with glass frit This mixture is then loaded into stainless-steel HIP cans. The cans are evacuated,
sealed, and processed in the HIP. Maximum temperatures for HIP cycles mnge from 6OO0C to 7500C. Maximum pressure
is typically 170 MPa. Argon is used as the pressurizing gas.
30fl4
3/1112004 7:27 PM
.....--.,
.
Wd L'l:L 1700VII/(
17\10 V
A\lPi!'! ~Ijl mag: UOp8UJlll1lJUOO JO '\S!.l ~ ~fwfufW III m"ISAs pgsolO U UJ JlQlWOJl:KI ;q lS\IIII SUllO dlli IlllU3UJ1llUoo 8umg:
Auu mag: SJ~p.wxI JO MOU ~ 'snoo lO1l UJ uopumdo UOpllJjSUO~ ~ JOil ':lOlI(d UJ ~IQA\ 00IJl S! P!I ~lJJ. 'p:lplIOl S! U80
~ J!lUIl p:llIl:KIaI S! smood s!lJJ. 'ss~ Jll!X8!lIl1ullUJsn ~lpld ~ puB U80 ~Ijl UJ p:108Jd S! J~ JO nAilJ V 'lIUJU:ldo
U80 ~U~ ~Ijl qlIno.np U80 ~Ijl 0lUJ pmrq Aq p:lplIOl ~ l!lJ SSllJlI puB Ql!lOOZ ~Ijl isQl ~JUOS-Arol8JOCJllI ~ UJ 'JI'lmJ ~
S1J1lO dlli qO!,!M Aq ~ ~Ijl S! WJOJ QlS8M O!W8l00 ~ JO uopottpOJd ~ 1jl!M JlQl8!OOSso IlIlSS! dn-~JUOS JOfuw nIjlOUV
'SJ8!l~lUW ~lll!P8JJ! 1jl!M UOpllJjSUO~ JOJ A\ -lNV lU Al!J!08i1 UOflllUfwtrX3 I~l\i( lOH ~ JO snoo loq ~ UJ ~1J8ISlI!
;q II!M l8ljl J~X]1D ~J80S-lIUjJooUJlloo ~ JOJ uli~ JIlUlJ ~ lIUJSOOqo UJ J8lu~lDl1JlSU! SUM nX]1D ~~
~lJJ. 'nllnr( ~mp O~ m"ISAs U JOJ oolll1.lllJ ~llJIIm U JO llStl ~Ijl :lpII1=d SlllOOI:lJ!RbgJ iupuaq puB ooudS 'OOlll1.IIlJ QllJIIm U
UJI!l!M lIUJlUlOJ I~~A nX]1D U SAoldmQ m"ISAs ~J80S-AJOl8JOCJllI ~ 'QJUOS .mlIJ8J ~ 18 ~ S! m"ISAs JO :KIAllllaJQ,JJ!Jl
AJ~ldmoo U llStl8O;q '~JUOS liUJJoou!lIu~ puB AJIllUJOCJllI UOOMl;q dull ~ allp!JlI III ~ nX]1D ~JUOS-Ql~QlUJ ~
'jJUS 00Jj OU 1jl!M npMod lIulMOU-OOJj QJlIUJs e S! jJ1m1 QIjl 'Ap:KloJd J>>X!IlI JJ '~d Ql!looz QIjl UJ \lQ\lIIlooo S! puB UaJlom
~moo;q ~d lJUS QIjl ';)oO~~-oo~ Ol PQlmq puB J>>X!IlI AI~j8mpUJ ~ SJ~.wxI QIjl SV '~ j~!qmu 18 ~
P!lOS OMj 1IUJX]1D Aq S)JlljS SSQOOJd ~ 'uopll.Gldo JO ~JUOS S!IJl JOJ SjS]XQ ~!Rixl Jlllqs-:lljl-JJO ou j8ljl UJ ssooood
:mb!IID U S! ~l!Iooz 1jl!M lJUS lIUp:llIlUoo-qOJUlI ("O~ lSOWJ8 JO JOjOllJ e Aq QJUOS ~ ~UJ III SUM sJ8!.mjuw ~j1l!P\W! 1jl!M
UOPWlSUO=P QIjl JOJ JUOll ~lJJ.) 'QJUOS AJIllUJoqUJ ~ mag: U~_ JO JOjOllJ e Aq ~JUOS
AIJUPlU! =M Ql!lOOZ 1jl!M llUJj08Juoo JJUS qOJ8q pue uopll.Gldo llUjAJp Ql!looz ~ 'SSOOOO
dQjS-oMj e UJ ~JUOS SUM SlSQl QJUOS-llUjJooUJlluQ ~ JOJ j~d!Rixl uopwedood Q
'WJOJ QlS8M ~Ijl :lZ!1UJjdo nljlJly III JlQlWOJl:KI S! ~mdol~ QJ80S-AJIllUJoqUJ J8Uop,
so ~je:KIQJ ;q III QAIlIj Aem n '%61 AJetmpil UJ PQlQldmOO SUM jSQl Al!1Jll1ll
s!lJJ. 'lu~md!Rixl QJUOS-~ ~ UJ pamdaId SJ8!.mjuw llUJsn )XlSmoJ
QJQM ~Idmes QJUOS-~~ '~uw SUM uo!J8llU!Jlloo S!IJl ooUQ 'QW8S QIjl
SQldmes QIjl J! Q1IJU1l3PP IllllmJlll QJQA\ SlU~ J80!SA:qd pue 'uo!JOl!.lD!P AeJ-
Aq JmAJ8U8 UQIjl QJQA\ ~Idmes QlJJ. 'Sdlli QJ80S-llUjJooUJlluQ puB AJOl8JOCJllI QIjlIjloq
pgsmood pue pamdaId QJQA\ MQXlUJ Ql!loozJSSllJll ~ JO S~ldmes QJ80S-AJIllUJOCJllI
~~Ijl JOil 'j~md!Rixl QJ80S-Jalll8J ~ljlllUJsn SlJ1m1 QJ80S-AJIllUJ0q81 ~ JO AlmQJ01tPO.l
~Ijl ~j8JjSuom~ OJ SUM dlli ~1jl1jl!M l/UJlSQj QJUOS-llUjJOOUJllu~ JO ~d jSJ!J Q
8mr.l dlliOluoS:8ll!JOO~""i
... pUll o\1lOS',(,O",,_oq9,'l: ~.!II
._-~--_._----------_._---- ,
-::_<_~,i,{"'i
--.",;..;",J-
;';i,;'~W,;""""-_'<)o
""_,,,;~~'_:..:l:i. _:_."~..,-:-~~~
'SDmJljOJd
dn-QJUOS llUJAIOS III J8!00l0 ~ SlSQl ~JUOS-llUjJOOUJli~ Ploo QIjl 'suop8J:KIo QlomQJ OJ l/UJlSQj uo-spueq mag: lhqAom
~bgJ suopll.Gldo JO ~llu)s jXQU ~ j8ljl jOIlJ ~ puB dn-QJUOS Qllnr( QIjl JO llStlUOQg ':JZlS U80 UJ ~aJjXQ OM) ~ SjO!~ Z
oonll!i1 'UUO QJUOS-AJOjUJ0q81 jS~1J8lDS ~ U8Ijl Jalll8J ~ LL 1 '(mo OO('ZJO QUIDIOA e 1jl!M 1J8l mo (Z pue ~ UJ mo
11 ~ SUllO QlJJ. '(I QJOl!!i(} SJ8!.mjuw PQlll!P8JJ! 1jl!M SlSQl UOpllJjSUo~ JOj jU~lUUOJ!AU~ noo-101l QjomQJ e UJ p:108Jd ;q
II!M j8ljl jU~d!RixlJo =!d Qmes QIjl S! SlSQl ~J80S-llUjJOOUJ8u~ QIjl JOJ~ dlli ~lJJ. 'AIMpo:KI= '(mo 6( puB (mo €1 ~
",.,,,,,._c~.,,._~,,_,,_ M SUllO ~ JOJ ~UIDIOA ~Idmes ~lJJ. 'jqllpq UJ mo 9'L JO mo ~'Z J~IjlP Aq ~
'uo~'npO;d WJOJ 0189" ,!um", u! posn! ii UJ mo n; AJ!,nnupd QJQA\ SUllO dlli QJUOS-Arol8JOCJlll 'uuoJ QlS8M O!UJ8lOO :RJl JOil
_____~~ sS~ld 0!~lQSOS! lOll :Jql '1 am3J.lI1 \~
. i;l!
II
I~
!~
lij
I~
1[1
tlb:;r::: ::~;
'SJU!JQlUW QlS8M JO JOJAllll;q QIjl Ql8JOWJS
III ~QIQ jOnPOJd-uo!SSy ~!P8JOOU sAol~ UPS JPOM QJ80S-~
~ 'QJUOS nlJ8lDS ~ UO JXlOIIPOld so Al!J8Ub ~mes ~Ijl JO SlOOpoJd WJOJ-QlS8M
S3OIlpOJd j8ljl j~d!Rixl Ql8J:Klo puB 'Ql8O!JlIlg 'ulI~ OJ jU~l~
QJ80S-AJOl8JOCJlll mag: 8J8P llUJsn UO JXlSOOOJ S! lIOM. QJ80S-~
QlJJ. 'Qnb~ooj QIjl QlllJjSUO=P AI:llenOOpe OJ ~bgJ QJUOS e 18 ~0jJ:KI
llUj;q S! JPOM QJ80S-llUjJOOUJ8uQ ~ 'SSQOOJd J80jS.m~mOJjOOIQ QIjl mag:
SWJOJ QlS8M ~JO ~ :RJl UJ 'UO!lllJlSU~ e JO uopottpOJd J:RJlP lOJ ~
j8ljl III ssooood ~ dn-GJUOS III S! l/UJlSQj ~J80S-llUjJ~ ~JO ~ ~
SJs.l.L aI&ls-iopaatqSo:if
'WJOJ QjS8M J8jQm QIjl 1lllI! ~J AJ!S8Q ml8ljl snnq llUJppeJO IOOjS-ss:lJllllljS :RJl1jl!M WlI S!
UIO!lJOO.ljZ al{.L ZI val\l.l1SUowap uooq SUI{ UID!lJOO.ljZ WOJ.J UID!l'8JII JO UO!J8.I8das 'Aofill UID!lJOO.ljZ-UID!l'8JIIU SJI!llIlIOO alOO
JOj08QJ WlI1I3 QIjl mag: 1:lllJ ~Ijl 'JllqjJOiI 'JUJ.IQl8W llUJppUJO nIjlP U8Ijl QJOlUJ:KIm~j lIUJll~ nMOl U M8q sAone .I!~ pue
'umlUOOJfZ JO JOOJS SS~JlI!IljS 1jl!M PUJo ~ SI:lIlJ _looU Auuw 'OO!oqo JIUIIluu U SUM Aone pgseq-UIDlUOOJfZ 'lllQlS _JlIllljS
e OjUJ sJUJ.IQlUW llSQljlllUJlJQW 'Ijled l8J!UJ!S U ~MOnOj QJUOS AJIllUJOCJllI QIjl uo WJOj QlS8M J8jQm QIjl JO jU~do~ ~lJJ.
......... '..r........T............,QT..................n-^OTA' (..... ,..Q..'""'....."^...A ,.............^_, .............n'ft"O............. ........, ""_TTW
~_..Q_w_~__~ o....._~___w ~ ___.. __~_"~w_ _________.___
nUl LJaJ1tJu:JU11Uun:s Ull'\lLWlau.-VVtl::sU:: rl\AN::S::Sllll!!llQ.llll1Vi~c::.
lliC."''-'.1 ~WUCU~ 'U~VAJ.1u.,u~VUgLLU!!S"'JAl 'U.t..VLlllU.UCJ.ty ~"~LVpl n....
radioactive powders. Additionally, for ease of hAndling in a remote environment, welding the lids on the HIP cans before
they are transferred into the hot cell is desirable. To meet both of these goals, the HIP cans will be filled through a 2.S cm
fill tube in the lid of the can. After evacuation of the HIP can, only the fill tube will need to be welded. This fill method
eliminllt'lS the use of a uniaxial JIR&S to increase the loading density of the powders. VibratoI)' compaction has been tested
on the engineering-scale system and will be implemented for the demonsttation with irradiated materials.
As shown in Figure 2, the HIP can for the engineering-scale tests is bellowed instead of straight-walled like the
laboratory-scale can. This change was made due to concerns about compression during the HIP cycle. Figure 3 is a picture
of a compressed engineering-scale HIP can. The compressed can is less than SO percent of the original volume. Bellows
are nsed to focus the can deformation along the longitudinal axis. The use of a straight-walled can, in which most of the
compression is radial, on this larger scale causes concerns about failure of the wall or welds near the lid and bottom welds
of the can.
Refinement of the HIP operating cycle also requires scale-up tests. The quality of the waste form is related to the
temperature experienced by the ceramic dnriog the HIP cycle. For a given HIP cycle, the maximum centerline temperatnre
of a 2.S em diameter can will not necessarily be the same as for a can with a 11.3 em diameter. Modifications to the
laboratory-scale HIP cycle, such as increasing hold times, are being tested to obtain similar temperature profiles.
Demonstration-Scale Tests with Irradiated Materials
Waste-form tests with irradiated materials from the electrometa11urgical process fall into two categories. The first type
includes tests in which specific fission products or radionnc1ides of concern are isolated and loaded into waste form
samples to determine their behavior. The other category includes tests of samples from waste streams after treatment of
spent nuclear fuel.
Tests with specific radionuclides are being performed on both the metal and ceramic waste forms. One such test on the
meta1 waste form is looking at the effect of technetium, one of the key radionuclides affecting the long-term performance
of a geologic repository. In commercial spent nuclear fuel and borosilicate g1ass HL W, technetium is present as an oxide,
which is soluble and mobile in ground water. In the meta1 waste from e1ectrometa1lurgical treatment, technetium is
present in an insoluble metallic form that is expected to be more stable from a repository perspective. Metal waste samples
doped with a range of technetium concentrations are being prepared for stndy.
The deposition path for lRUs in the electrometa1lurgical technique is in the ceramic waste form. Ie
Hence, the effect of alpha radiation on this waste form will be studied. Ceramic-waste-form ;
samples contAining 23~ a high specific-activity isotope of plutonium, are going to be produced 5
and examined over specified time periods to simulate long-term exposure to alpha radiation. ~
These samples will be produced in early 1998. ,
~
As part of the demonstration of the electrometa1lurgical process to treat fuel, meta1-waste-form !
samples will be produced from cladding hulls containing fission products. and ~
ceramic-waste-form samples will be produced from electrorefiner salts conlAining actua1 fission ~
products. The e1ectrorefiner operates in a batch mode so cladding hulls are removed periodically i'
from the vessel. Because the meta1 waste stream is available throughout the fuel treatment'
demonstration for sample production, work on the preparation of irradiated meta1-waste-fonn; :Figure 3. A compressed
samples has begun. '; IHIP _can,
-- .._.,~<._,- ""'.".
Based on the preparation of engineering-scale meta\-waste-form samples with surrogate materials, the general casting
recipe for irradiated materials is known, but variations in the processillg parameters might be reqnired for real waste
streams. In preparing surrogate material, it is not always possible to predict what impurities might become a part of the
feed material and what effect they will have on the casting process or performance of the waste form. When the cladding
hulls are removed from the e1ectrorefiner, they are coated with sail A distillation operation is performed to remove the
salt for recycle back to the e1ectrorefiner. The efficiency of the distillation operation on real cladding hulls is not easily
simulated; tests with materials that have actually been treated are crucial, because chlorine would accelerate corrosion of
the metal alloy.
Electrorefiner tests with materials designed to simulate spent fuel were performed as part of the development of the
electrometa11urgical technique, but questions still remain as to how irradiated fuel would behave. The dissolution
50fl4
3/1112004 7:27 PM
... .. ~
Wd Lz:L toOVlI/€
tlJO 9
":mop u;gq S8l( UllIp OA!JOOds.I:KI.IOpllQIq 8 mOJJ dHd Otp JO :lOU8IIIJop:KI "lll SSOSSll pue SlJ1lS".l1llOl 0l8ll0J1llS
Otp tplM uosjJ1ldmoo J01 sopnonuO!Jl8J JO "lUJ pue JO!AflIPCI "lll a1J!ULI"lllP OlM ~OJd O~ "1U "S\llSlIA\ "leSOJ1lIS
llUJsn Olgq_IO P"JS"l pue JlQlOlUlSUOO u;gq 0AUq l1l1jl SlD01SAs dHd ~!Jl8JUOU ~ldmoo1ImJSAs Sm ~
0jS8A\ MWl80!Jl8J tplM UOllw:Klo J01 p:unSyuOO A(Jtg 'umlsAs OJUOS-p:lOIIpQI 8 ~ ~0Jd Ol....'l~u.q dHd "1U
-pal0lS S! 0jS8A\ p;lXJUI Jl'lJUJIUDIlOO8 Otp JO qoom qOJqA1 UJ 'sunup
JOl!1 80~ :KI PJROA1 dHd :lZ!s-uO~d 8 III J>>:lJ JllO!cL\L "samsodxO mpOA1 pue ~ A.tepuOOOS 'SlsOO ~
llUflPU~'lllUJonpoJ ~od Aq=tp 'llUJZ!S JO 'llUjlJOS 'liUju:KIo JOJ poau "lll JIIOl{llM SSOOOJd "lll Ol p;lJ :KI U1l:l SJIIU!IllUOO
lOOlUJ l1l1jl S! dHd "lll JO anqUOJ ~8 UV "Slid A10neqs UJ p;lJ.IllCl JO poIIO.Ill MOqll p;lJ0lS pUB 'SlIxoq JO sunup
OlUJ JlOOIoed 'sope:lQJl JOJ xOldmoo 300 "lll uwqllno.np P"lwauoll u;gq S8l( 0jS8A\ sm "SO\l!Joouo!Jl8J tplM l"",uufwu,uOO
Apqll!1 0J8 lUtp s!JlpP SIIOO1I8JIOOS!U pue ol!pnp JO lSJSUOO S\llSlIA\ p;lX!W "lOUPOJd StIOOl.QJA "'1q8lS AJqllJq 'omnlOA-p:lOIIpQI
8 mnpo.ul ss:lOO.ld "1U "S\llSlIA\ p;lXJUI JO lUOWl8OJl "lll JOJ podolO^"JI SSOOOJd JllIIlI'lIIl 'anqw:KlmOl-qllJq 8 S! dHd "1U
.L:J:UOlId a'lV:JSH:JNaU SSa:JOlId H.LlIVaH-VWSV'ld
"J8SodslP J8U!J J01 mOtp .fJ!lenb Ol p;lJJROOJ :KI UJM Ilupsol mJOl-lluOlllKl 'OlqBllbooe 0J8
SlDJ01 OlS8A1 Otp lUtp o:me.msse olqUUOSUOJ 8 "PJAOJd Ol qllnouo :KI UJM UOllWlSUOUJop "lll JOijU OlCl8J!1lA8 mBp "1U "llUJolluo
:KI JrnS UJM SJ8!J"lBm P"l8!Jl8JJ! WOJJ SOJdmss tplM SlS"l mJOl-lluOlllKl ':IJCI8J!1lA8 :KI UJM SlS"l :lOU8IIIJop:KI WOJJ SlJ1lS".l
J8!lJUl1l0~om"P "lll JO Stpuom J8U!J "lll J!JlIlI JOO:)() lOll UJM SJ8!.I"lIIlD P"l8!Jl8JJ! tplM JPOA1 UlJ01-lllS8A1 "lll JO qonw
"SlDJOJ 0jS8A\ "lll JO Almqwnp umll-lluOI "lll SMIOAUj UO~OUJop "lll PUOAoq 1lupsol.GltpJl1J llUjJJROOJ 8OJ8 UJ8W "1U
"J(JOA1lUOWdoPAllJl "lll mOJJ
OlCl8J!1lA8 :KI PJROqs lUomdJRbo A1a1I Sllllllullw:Klo pue ull!SO\l JOj SJ~ "lll UO lJ8lS pegq 8 ';lS8O qom UJ "SUO~
lIUJlS80 J01 p;lJJROOJ :KI 0SJ8 ABm dn-llJllOS '0jS8A\ IBl"m "lll JO" "dn-llJUOS .GltpJI1J OJpIOOJ AInu dIH Otp ':IlS8A1 0JIU8.I"0
"lll JO" "S"l8J ~Jq "lll ~oddns JO :lJqeduo :KI OJ p;lQU UJM ~OO UO~ lOJOj-:llS8A1;nu "JgqBJq oq UJM
lUOWl8OJl10llJJO "lW "lll 'OJUOS UO~ lV "OJUOS uOJlOllllllld 8 UO SSOOOJd "llllluJAidde 0l0.J:Kl ~ :KI III Uj8WOJ
UJM SOIlSS! 1M] AIM ':lJq8JOAUJ 0J8 SJ8!J"lBm P"l8!Jl8JJ! tplM 1llOl OJUOl-UOllWlSUomop Otp WOJJ SlJRSOl "llll1l1jlllufW''''''V
"SJOIIJ _IOOu }nods Jal{lO JO UOJl1lZ!1!q8lS pue
llJa1lJl8QJl Otp Ol AllOlGUqOOl JUOJllmJl8l"lllO.llOlIO linlAldde lO0q8 SUOJS!O'lP Olqeollp;llo\lOlDJ "'IlIIII III SlDJOj OlS8A1 pue SSOOOJd
"llllOoq8 mBp qllnouo "I'JAOJd PJROqI UOllWlSUomop Otp mOJJ SlJllSllll11J'llllUOOJAUO OlIO lOq "lOmOJ 8 UJ }UomdJRi>>
llUJSSOOOJd-OjS8A\ JO UO~ "lll UO ~ :KI 0SJ8 UJM 8l8P 'SO~!J"101II81fO UlJOJ-lllS8A1 "lll SU lU8lJcxImJ SUlSOW\V
"AlOljSOdoJ JUOpJOlooll8 UJ J8S0dslP JOJ 0jS8A\ "lll AJ!1enb III p;lSO :KI UJM SlOS lJlOlI "SOldmss lOJOJ-lllS8A1 p;llll!PlW!UII uo
P"lWOuoll :KI UJM 8l8P 31qe.mdm<Q "JXlJPl1lS :KI OSJU UJM S!sAIO!Jl8J JO lO3lP "1U "dnOJll1J:lll3 mo:q ~p ~3SOJd:lI
lSOf lOll '93pJUWlU pue SlODpOJd UO!SS!J ne JO SlO3.IP 3tp opDf.llI! UJM 8l8P 3S31U "SlS"l qouol JO .I3CjlIIIIU 8 Aq ~
:KI UJM UlJOJ 0jS8A\ 8 SU :lOU8IIIJOp:KI J"f"1U "AdCXlSOJOjW UOJlO313 UO!Dfw.utlJl pue Ado:lsOJ:ljW UOJlO3pllU!uu....
mOJJ ~ :KI UJM anqonJJSOJOjW J!"lll :SOJl.l3do.Jd JUOJlI1III03UI pUB 'AlJSOJod 'AlJSU3lllluJPnlOUJ 's:l!lS!J3lO1lllllP
JllO!sAqd J"f"lll a1IjWJOl3P III p3ufwux3 A(3AJSlGIll<3 :KI UJM SOldmes UlJOJ-OjS8A\-Jlll3IU pue -OjW8JOO P"l8!Jl8JJ! "1U
1JIJ01 0jS8A\ OjW8JOO "lll103lJ8 OSJU UJM SUOllw:Klo J88lO8 mOJJ p;lUJmJOl3P :KI AJUO U80
pUB 3S8qd lJUS 3tp UJ UlJOJ lUtp SOll!JOdmI "0lS8A1 OjW8JOO "lll JO ooueuuop:KI "lll103lJ8 AInu J3A101 S3UJoooq UO~OO
mnJUWII "lll SU SlU3m313 mu. pUB SlOUpood UO!SS!J "lll WOJJ P"lwed3s S! mnJUWII qOJqA1 III 33Jllop "1U "JXlAOlIGII
:KIlSRm '1:>0 SU m01SAs "llllIJ l=d mnJUWII '''l!100'Z lIJ "'PflOlluO!Jl8J "lll3Z!J!q8lS IlllJUS .I3UJJ3J0Jl0313 "lll JO l\I3IIIl1I:lJl
Ol JO!Jd 1JIJ0J 0lS8A1 OJWWOO "lll SlO3.IJ8 Apoaqp 0SJ8 SJ8!J"lBm P"l8!Jl8JJ! tplM SOlw:KIo .J3U!PIOJlO313 "lll A\O}{ 1JIJOj
"lS8A1 IBl"m 3tp UO p;lUJ8lllUtp Ol JBP.1lI!S S! SOJdmss lIlJOj-lllSUA1-OJWWOO P"l8!Jl8JJ! mo:q p;lUJe8 :KI III UO~OJlI! "1U
"JXll8OJl u;gq S8l( IOIIJ "lll JO }SOW
JOijU UOllWlSUOmop 3tp JO PU3 "lll pJU.\1Ol poonpood :KI UJM SOldmes UlJOj-OlSUA1-0JWWOO "lll JO ]JJI1q 3tp '~OO
3P!1OOUO!Jl8J JgqlIJq 18 OOU8UlJop:KI UlJOJ-lllS8A1 JOJ mBp "PJAOJd O~ "lJUS "lll UJ UO~OO J!"lll III Plll8J3J
AP=JP S! 0jS8A\ :lJWWOO "llllIJ SlU0W313 JO UOjlWlUOOUOO "1U "SOP!JOJqO SUlJUS 3tp UJ dn PJ!Oq smu. pue SlOIIPOJd UO!SS!J
3tp 'IOOJ p318!Jl8.U! JO llUjsmood "lllllufma lJUS JOlI!PJO.IlO313 3tp S! UlJ01 0lS8A1 OjW8JOO "lll JOJ p33J ~ 31(.1
"UJmJlS OlS8A1 OIJllIJ SlU~uml~ JO SUO~UOO ~1Il BlIJdoos JOJ \!l1!P QllfAOJd OllluJdlCllj S[ SJIl.L "~
llUJlwOOO lUOJ3lJ!P JllpUO mnJUCXlJfZ X!Jl8W-10IIJ pue SlOUpood UOlSSY Jlll3IU-lllqoU JO UOllU"l3J "lll pue UOpDlOSSJP
mnJUWII JO AoU3P!1J3 3tp 3pIl10UJ p;lJPl1lS lllI!:Kl S83JV "0lS8A1 IBl"m "lll JO lJ8d 8 QlIIoooq SJJRq lluJppuJO "lll UJ Uj8WOJ
lUtp SJU!JOlBm 3tp 30UJS UlJ01 0jS8A\ IBl"m "lll JO lUOmdolM3p 3tp UO llUjJeoq lOOJ!P 8 S8l( J3ug:u0Jl0313 "lll JO :lOU8IIIJop:KI
~.~VI. ~UN~""G.UV~ VL L''''''Lo.G.l-1'1' "'..._.L ..............~aue .L_.......V.ve_..
a.AO........ -...._......-...-......... _....-.....-. v____--e-.v_J. v----....-&C'~---~-r.--...
,~_...._~~_...._-------~._.
PHP uses an ultrahigh temperature plasma (in excess of
,OOOOC) generated by a direct current, inert-gas-stabilized
lectric arc from a movable torch. The plasma torch is
molely directed at containers of waste materials \bat are fed
. to the refiactory-1ined, I m diameter by 1.3 m high
sing chamber in a controUed atmosphere. The extreme
produce chemical and physical altemtions in the
materials. Severa1 processes occur, including oxidation,
lysis, and volatilization. Combustible pyrolysis gases
in the primary process IIIe oxidized in a
ropane-fired secondary combustion chamber. The remainder
the off-gas system consists of high-dliciency particulate air
A) filtmtion, acid-gas scmbbing, temperature controls,
and induced-draft macbinery, with discharge of the clean
gases to a stack (Figure 4). The main equipment components IIIe sbown in Figure S.
c._-~----------
! 1"1
!'~ '.~'-.(.
i \f.\ :ll..-_n
u:"",,""'( ,_''''''''_ 'j w. : ~:., :1
.'.~..".I!';:'~I:t~;",: .::t.....IilJO' '.- ';;;."'"T')'!i .- In ~~,c,'_~ II
i'. '.:.:I-...."'..r', ",-, 'l-' . . .'.. .
..~---" _..1' '~'Ud-;'"
\"............ ,;._~=-. "-1......_. / ',.~"--Li~! ... ,~: 10- 1 \
I .~" '. J->"" 41>J'l'l!I!l~. _. ' -~ I
_'_'.'._. . ,,,__ ~"","""hl:i "'.....,.... ,,-. .....-..',
i = .~- 0:.0:<1.'" Jl:'NlSm_ ~~'1 t;;t
, _:1:1'\0
I .".0
iFigure 4. A schematic ofthe PHP. IN2: 3 SCThI, 2propane: 10
iSCFM, 3bnmer air: 35 SCFM; 4combustion air: 0-20 SCThI,
:5N2 purge: 10 SCFM, 6feed: 5-14 kg/h, 7propane: 10-30
!SCThI, 8bumer air: 35-105 SCFM, 9combustion air: 0-40
iSCFM, 10nozzle air: 20 SCFM, and Ilnozzle water 0.2-0.4
iGPM.
Metals, ash, and inert materials that do not volatilize, but remain in the plasma chamber, IIIe melted and produce a molten
pool of metal and various oxidized materials that form a slag. The molten material is captured in a sha11ow,
refractory-lined hearth, from which it would be periodically removed by a dmin or pour spout to canisters for p1acement in
a waste repository. The pool tends to separate by gravity into a molten-meta11ayer underneath the molten slag. By limiting
the qnantity of air that is allowed into the plasma chamber, the molten meta1 can largely be kept from mridi7.ing. The
benclIsca1e system does not currently have a means for dmining the molten materials. Rather, the system is opemted in a
hatch mode, pm:-oil1g up to nine 41 containers of waste (sca1ed~ 2081 dnuns) and retaining aU molten materials in
the bearth where it solidifies after shutdown of the system. FoUowing cool-down, the plasma chamber is opened, and the
solidified residues IIIe extmcted from the hearth.
Long-term durability determinations IIIe less defined, but typically include the
Product Consistency Test (PCI), 14 which is simi1ar to the TCLP but may
reveal more about the waste form foUowing a longer CApOSlII'C. Other
parameters, such as compressive strength, may be relevant to specific waste
forms. The DOE mixed wastes typically have a sufficient qnantity of
glass-forming materials (e.g., sand) to produce a giass-like slag in the PHP. These vitreous slags have been shown to have
exceUent waste-retention and durability cbamcteristics.
Key aspects of any waste-treatment technology IIIe the performance of the final
procluct in terms of waste retention and long-term durability and the
minimi7otion of secondary wastes created in the treatment process. Waste
retention is normally considered in terms of resistance to leaching by
groundwater and is evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection AJ!:encv's
(EPA's) Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (fCLP).13 The TCLP is a
controUed test in which the sized waste form is immersed in water, and the
measured concentmtions of particular hazardous materials in the leachate IIIe
compIIIed to aUowable maximum concentmtions.
.; ,.-------~~~-~~~--~_._- -
ii iFigure 5. The PHPbenchscale test facility.
The most important secondary-waste minimi7"tion issue for the PHP is the distribution of the radionuclides throughout
the process equipmeut. Earlier surrogate testing found that the surrogate material (cerium has typically been used to
represent plutonium and uranium) was oxidized and migmted to the slag. Simi1arly, high-vapor-pressure hazardous
metals have also been reported to oxidize and partition to the slag.li Partitioning of the radionuclides to the off-gas
components is generally undesirable, since this creates a new mixed-waste stream that requires further treatment.
Substantiation of these results and comparative data with actua1 radioactive materials is vitaUy needed to complete the
evaluation.
The PHP benchscale system at ANL- W has provisions for alpha-alntamination controls, remote operation of the system,
full mdiological monitoring of the process, and the extensive sampling and labomtory-analysis progmm required for
radioactive operations. The PHP facility is also provided with extensive, state-of-the-art instrumentation on the off-gas
system to yield a more complete understanding of the operation.
7 of14
3/11120047:27 PM
Wd Ln toOVllIE
SluaUIalplbaJ ::101I1lllIJO]JOO jaaW sABM.1B lOU
SJ1l!.IallllD snoppuamao J8:l1dAl asnroaq
p;llJ1D!J 1jlJ^1 laW aABq '.GlAaA\Oq 'suollB:llf
asa1J.L Ec_8[0:lJS8M =I:mu laMJ....JtJfl"'wJ:ll 0
pUll -hl.Olliup1lp1SdB:lua JO} pa 0
AlaAlsualXa uooq aABq SJ8!llll1llD snoppu
iSoo MOl pUll Al!l!lIlS.GlA ljaljl JO asn
S~::>:ilrOHd
NOH VRLSNOli\I:ilU
S::>Ili\IVH:iI::> :iI~VHdSOHd
U:ilUNOa: ATIV::>Ili\I:ilH::>
osp
paJWads UJlUJ^1 IOnpo.Id llBJS aqlliuJUlBl "
JO} saq:l8OJddB 1000UOO ~ ':lAJlOIl1lJ^1
'palellps;lAU! aq IIJ^1 J8!laIlllD :lJUllliJO so
JO uOp:mllSaO "SSOOOJd aql OlU! '1:l1lll AiaA~
papbal aq U1l:l 'sJelam AAeaq pasnapu
lSOW liUJPnpU! 'aiept:lpmd aljl JO lIB aJnld
l8ljl SJall!J V d!IHP. aU!WJaJap OJ palOUPu
aq IIJ^1 Sluampadxa OSJllJaUl AAeaq soo
aljl JO uOP1lZJl!l1lI0A aljl ApUlS pUll 'saplOOOO
WlO}-alSBh\. J8lI!J aqlliop:lajJe suOpjpU
aljl aJOIdx:l Ja1pJl1J 'sapJJ:lnuoJPBl !BUlOB "
liUluoppmd aupwa\ap IIJ^1 ~ aJUln
~
tlJO 8
I ~~--. poo~
! o.t., I lools-DOq.nI5j
! ~_._..-.--J____"_.._.,_._._._..___ '
I -, - -" .- -.--,
, 80 L ! paoa wnscL<o'
'~tI!i -----~ -------~._--"-----~~- ------ ~
JO'\IJr\! oq Plnoqsi '<>~_J . _ ccc:-c----= '"'I'I~
qo!'l'" 'ljnodunod' OO[ I 0""0[11:) [AuJM[od!
JO slJ!1lIP fS!JOluwl-c:::-:-~' ....-.---..----,. .'._--=:~'::"J
UOIJOWJO oll1rl(ooJ<l1 6"Z _.J ____.__. _._ ....l'Il[lOAJO.Ij
JOJ [8!IUOjod 8 oq ^UWI OOc .. JOdad!
OJO'll181[180gdw! S!'II, -:--::c::c-' '-C.' -.-- ---:--::::m . ..~
"J[OOJq 01[1 UO 8WS8ld! 001 I lUO<jJosqV Ala-l!o,
Qtp apJ,Quaouool ----:::--=-=-:-~ ~--------:-------------=-=-:-----------:-:-~-~
I 909[ , S88[!),
OjAl!l!'l8U!I---~-- . ....-.. .----
Ojonp .n.... SSOOOJdl ~o~_ J __.__~
JOU p!p AJO[""-!J01i 8;61 . -. _-_. ..__ - OJOiOiwol
1I1l!wnro-qSjq, .- ..~
_____JO~()()Il!' 0'[ _____u__SOc~1IU!WRIVi
0'1 ,- . .-p.rsoqpnl:J!
-_._._-----~ - ----_._-_._------------_...--~-~._,-_._-- .~------'
opossoowd:1 i
^l!Jl8Ol OJOA\ Ol!qdsJll! O.c _J __.._________--""!'Jll8J() moonbyl
PII8 'POO"'JO "'!OOlq, -', ... ...,
I ' !
's!Jqop UOIJ-qli!H' 001 i WUUJUlllIVi
___~_.._..__.___.__.___----" ___~ ~__,_ .'.' ..._.________________n___________J
m~~~OI ' - i
pUB ll\n8Oll' IU.....d! II-'qO(l moouollwOloH [8"'dAJ.!
______.____._._.___.__ _.J __~ __._____._,.._,..u.,_._..__.~___j
_____.__~~~~pao.i.........1
11Ia~ .. . 1
aXPIIIS 3JUd1Olq puv IiJ.Iq~((!~~~~aJ;lIlJll3,d'J. 1 alCJ8J. I
osw;qs,{s lllallll1laJl-!BWJaql JaqlO
U! swalqOJd liuJSSOOOld a!BaJ:l OJ PDnOJ uooq aABq slBJlaIlllD as:llLL "dHd aljl UJ paSSOOOJd AiJPeaJ aq PJUoo Amp P. aIIJIIWllap
Ol AJOl:l8JPl pUll 'QlJqdeJli 'pooh\. JO S'J:lOlq alil8I AlaAJlllIaJ papnl:lU! JU:mIJladx:! auo "uopBllSUomap dHd al""'"l"uaq
aljl U! SlSa! Ai= wOlJ SlJl1S'llIjlJ^1 I aJqBJ. U! UMOqS am SlaUJlII1Ioo lSa! aql JO} sadpal JB:l!dA.I. -punodwoo apJlOJq:>-mnJSa:l
alqBlS B pUll 'mnJla:l 'S1BlaW AAeaq soOJlil1lZ8ll JO sallJlU1lUb palI1SOOw AJP1P.I1I:l JO SOOJ!ds 1jlJ^1 panllfaId pUll paJOaJas
aJaM salSBh\. as:lljl :llWlW l8ljl sadJ:lilll "SJlqap alqJlSlKllDoo AJqllJq 000 pUll 'sJlllap-pooqIU 000 'alipnJS-:lJllllS.loU! aAY
JO palSJSUOO l8J soljl WaiSAs aj8:lSq:lUaq aljl U! p;ll:mpUOO uooq aABq l8ljl smampadxa aAJlOBOJPBlUOU a1J.L "alllQSllqlllOOUou
Ol alqpsttqtUoo wOlJ AJolia!B:l sJlqap aql UJlUJ^1 pUll ':lJUllliJoU! Ol :lJUlllilo wOlJ alimu AJoliaiB:l alipnJS aql UJlUJ^1 SUoJl8!l8A
oSJlqap pUll alipnls JO saJlolia!B:l peooq aljl O\U! fIllJ S:lJS8M a1J.L "xgldmoo HOO alp UJlUJ^1 AJoJUaAU! :lJS8M-pooqIU ~
aql JO SluaJUOO aql JO S\SIl.J!U1l1II pue SMaJAaJ palJS!lqnd wOlJ pa:mpap uaaq aABq S}uampadxa asaljl JO} sadpal a!S8M.
L [0 L66 [ Jammn8 U! mBlliOJd
luampadx~ aAp:lBOJPBl aql UJliaq Ol AeAuapuD am suoplll1lliaJd 'pal:lnpuoo uaaq aABq Sluampadxa aAp:l8OJPBlUoo_
'amp l8ljl OOUlS 09661 JO fIllJ aql U! p;!laldmoo aJahl. \UllwdJnlla pUll AllJPllJ dHd aqlJO liuJlsal \UO'J:l:lq:l pUll uop:m.qsoo;)
oJalllUllll:lIllDS8Id aql U! smatmllllS8aUl aJUl8ladmai .(qamOJAd pUll :AlJSUap JaqmnU
pUll :lZJs :lf8[OOpmd JO ~w .\.Qamos",WSu811 Jas8I JOIO:l-OMl :SJOOeA IBlaW JO} Sluama.mse:mJ AdoosoJJ:liXIs
Uh10p'J8alq pa:mPU!-Jas8I :SJodBA :lJUlllilo alPllIOA JO} SlU!od IBJaAas \U SluamaJnSB:lW 'lILLil aAp:lBllXa :Xos pUll
'I::>H 'XON '00 'ZO::> JO SlDaWaJUSBaW (lILI.dl AlJawooapaiU! WlOJSU8ll JajJUO.!I UlJS-U! JO SUOPBlS IBJaAas :SUOp:l8JlX:l
SIBJaW-aldllJUw pauOp:lUllS-YdH apl\1:lU! ~11GlJtIS8il1II seli-.uo oJalllUllll:llllDS1lId aljl wOlJ slinld AJOl:l8JPl pUll
'SJail!J aql JO UJBa.QSdn Sl:lIIP seli-lJo aql UJ p;ll1l:101 am l8ljl suodnoo uopJSOOap am aJaljl 'uoP!PP8 UJ "aiusuapuoo pJllbn JO}
SlU!od oOll""noo (llJ'MllS pUB '.onb!1.1oqqtU:lS seli-pJ'lB 'SJOlI!J Yd3H '1"l"W 'liU[S P"!J!1l!I08 aql apI\[oo! SUOllB:lOI a[dmes
'~lJ!llll\O ~ ~ s~m ~JUl1Ol! 1~1\lO \'1I1! 'nmpmm 'nm!l101n\d IjIJM ~O\l! nmpoo ~ 1lIllP OAplIJlIdmlY,) 'suj..IJO
aljl U! luallllq8ll1la apJU!101l pUll 'Spunodmoo mnJUOJnld JO UOP1lZJl!l1lI0A pUll UOp8WJoJ 'liuJUoppmd apJU!101l uo JUa\Uoo
8!saulilllDJllU!1D1llBf8:lffiS pUll lualuoo 1p.I8a-aUJIB'IIB pUlllf8'llB lUaiuOO uOll lUaiUOO uoqnJ:J-:lJUlllilo lUajUOO ~oJq:l
JO SWlal U! SlB!JallllD paaJ liu,.....:luJd JO Sl:lOJP JOUjW pUll JoflllD aljl aupwa\ap 01 pauliJsap Sl meJllood JIllDampadxa a1J.L
~l.L,A;:llM}1JbUa.UV1J.l) VJ. J.'lLAiJ.IIJCll."~""' J. J.,^^,""u..ae .L.........u.u.vn..e......~
.............,. ""..........,...~........., v_...~. ----........."0... "-J . w________.O'_ --....-r.......
me stakeholders have objected to thennal
uclear-waste treatment processes because of the
tentia! for the emission of hazardous or
. oactive materials into the atmospl1er&Q and
geneml public distrust of incinerators.
takeholders have also objected to
immobi1ization of radioactive waste in grout, n
because its long-term durability is suspect at best. The DOE's interest in CBPCs in part derives from the tfchnology's
ability to overcome both of these potential problems. The non-thennal process produces no hazardous off-gases, but the
~'"k~(t;;i.11___-------.--=:- 2.3
l~;MetaIs ---..~ iCesium-amlth;--
_.______~ lhazardous metals,
[AlacnioTriOxidc 0.13 iwitbtheex<cptionof
. ...._.__-=--.__=_ _:_ :barium, were latgely
!Silver ! 0.10 ivolatizecl to Ibe
I I i
fM~wys~------"'::-- ~o.i2 i::::;:CLP
[ . I ,leachate to be below
l&rium Oxide. ------..--- :0.11 jibe tIueahoId, bot few
! ___ _ _ 1_ ,_ [hazardous metals
::~:==-=~:_:.__-==:.. ~~:: IS~C:um
I ! . loomplctdy contained
f;J,;;;;-Ch1oride-----------. 0.361~~with
r.--.-----..---~----- ,---:u__ ldiatribution to Ibe
ICeriom Oxide (Po .\1l'f08IIIe) i 0.34 loff-gaa system.
m . ~n_._.
[TYPk,dInorp;;k$h;.dge ----- !p.~~i ~"1Uld
1 io........~
W.;;;ili;;;;':; Oxid;,'.-~--------- 1.0 [The inorganic ~~
iCalciUlllS.dfol. ---- 4.9lwaa readily proceaaed
i~u.Earth_-~-------- ,- 8.9
!HydratedLime ~-~--....--1-9~9
r:::---~' - -..----~-
:Iron Oxide .. '_. 7.9
[.--.-.-------:----:...--------------..---~-- r------
,MagneslUm.Oxide_. . :. 4.9
,.....- --~------_.-~~---- -----
IP~Cement ' 7.9
r----------------....
ISodiom Nitrate .
13.8
I-----------_._~-----
Water
39.4
----
..----------_.,.~-------- ..---~-~
ispikes (total) 1.5
!~;;;Mdai.- .---- -~- iCesi~.~ lbe-u
'Cad .:-.~- Oxi...::.----.. 0 II 'Ihazardous metals,
: IDIom. ""n ... . . _ 'with Ibe ex<cption of
,_.~______' ,--.-.-,..1
iChrotnium Oxide : 0.15 lbari~, were latgely
,_ _____._ ____,.~____ :--.-Ivolatized to lbe
,Nickel Oxide , 0.13 ,off-gaa system. TCLP
: ,---.--.::.:::..-.-- .---~. F.:::c,:::= 1_ showed lbe
,Lead Oxide ' 0.11 ileachate to be below
:Men:~;Y soillick- u__,_____ :--ii.12 ilbe threshold, bot few
______u ' ihllZllfllou. metal.
!Barium Oxide 0.11 'were in lbe slag 10
iB~ilium--------- un i- o.ill I=io~cerium
[---;-.-'--.C".-~--~--'------ ,--.- loomplctdy contained
,Cesium Chloride : 0.38 I .thin lb slag 'lb
- IWI C , WI
iCeriQ;;,Q;ride(P;;;,;,.,g,.te)-- ----- .-0.19 Inoperoeptible
~~~eOrgani~- .. '--.-- . - i::;':"..:~e..
---.----.---- ,------- ,---------~---_.__.-
,Carbon Tetrachloride i O.IO:The volatile Of.on;.,.
I ' ' ~~..
i i I~~-"
90fl4
or structura1 integrity and leach resistance.
t developments with material formulations
process tfchniques are enabling the
roduction of a new class of stronger cements
are more suitable for the task of
uclear-waste isolation. Advances in cement
.tions and the processes for hydration,
nsolidation, and densification have produced
t a tenfold enhancement of such waste-form
roperties as compressive strength, bending
and leach reaistance. The performance
f these new cements is comparable in many
to conventional ceramics that have been
brmed by high-temperature sintering or
. on. 24
new materials are a class of chemically
ded ceramics that are manufactured at lower
tures like typical hydraulic cements, but
orm much more like high-temperature fused
. cs.25 The name derives from the
ow-temperature reduction/oxidation reactions
which the materia1 is bound. These materials
formed by a combination of ionic, covalent,
d van der Waals bonding, with the stronger
. onic and covalent bonds domin.til1g.
hemica11y bonded ceramics are much stronger
typical room-temperature hydraulic
ents that are formed by comparatively
r van der Waals and hydrogen bonding.
nt attention bas been focused on CBPCs,26
hich have been known for some time to be
enable to the low-temperature formation of
strong ceramic materia1ll,ll The reduced
lubility of metallic-phosphate compounds,
hich bas long been understood, bas been used
o reduce meta11each rates from wastes. 28.29 By
esign, the compositions of artificial CBPCs
licate naturally occurring phosphate
. erals. These minersls (e.g., monazites,
utunites, and apatite derivatives) have served as
st matrices for naturally radioactive elements
h as uranium and thorium over geologic time
'ods.
3/11120047:27 PM
Wd LZ:L tOOZlIllE
tlJO 01
JIlOll B SJ IB!lU~ uop1lJll1Ia8-sull S!1P 8upnpoo OI!llAl. SUllOJ :IlSBA\. JBlI!J OlqBJA 8upnpOJd JOJ sasSOOOId JO \lJ:lUIdopAap ;qJ,
'p;lB:U:l ;q UB:l PJ1lZBll UO!SOIdxo JB!J1SIIPII! UB ';8w0lS JO suop!puoo
Japun JlaIB.llllOOUoo puB p;lBJouoll S! selllUOP!IJIIS]I 'SJSAIO!PBl qllno.np sell 1m8D.1pAq ;&B;JaJ Aum SUllO] :IlSBA\. JBlI!J
;q! 'JalBAI. punDq lJl!Al. s;JSBA\. OfU1lJllSUllJl ~1lqdJ8 SOII!qmoo Al!OlouqOOl s!1P ;snuo;g 'uopBJ;u;8 sui 1m8OJPAq
JO 10JI000 S! _AI. ;s;tp lJl!Al. 0IlSSJ .IOlJlOUV 1JI!lOUOUl 0lJl wag: uo!J8lBd;s ap!ll!lOO 01 OOUBISlsaI ooU"..<13 l1lq! sopnd/)Jd
"!lIBW OIB11lU=B 01 JlaUlll-:mg 8upq SJ SSOOOJd ;q! 'pJBpuB!s S!1P pOW o~ lJl1O!D!P SJ AJOAOOllJ ap!ll!lOO qO!llAl. Wag: SUllO]
O!SBA\. JBlI!J II! s:mplsaI8u,u'"JUo:>-umlUOlIIJl! ozmqBIS 01 SlSP<; JU;lIIO.IpIbaI sp.nlIIBOJIlS B 'AjyB:lgpods '4lJUs JB!J1SIIPII!
pUB sp.nlIIBOJBS SJll!.IOIBW lBOlODU JOJ splBpUBIS ;pn10ll! SUllO] :IlSBA\. SufJB;q-ap!ll!108 JOJ Bf.&lIf.IO ooUBWJOjJOd JBUoplPPY
'1II!B.IlSUOO li~o lUB:lp!S B S! 1000Uoo Al!JBOPf.IO 'OISJS P;P;1Jlll 'p;!BJ;pOW B II! umfUOjl\ld OJ!SS!J
SooBld ssOOOJd OlJl asnuo;g lOOfOJd SJlJl JO] soliuolJBlJo OSJB are SllJ:lUIUOJ!AU0 JlaROJIUOO II! suopBJOdo pUB 'uopllZ!UJ!Ido
SSOOOJd 'dn-OJBOS 's;JSBA\. ofU1lJllSUllJl JO] p;lB.QSUDm;p puB p;dolOA;p 8upq osJB SJ A'll010Dq00l uO!f8Z!l!ClBlS ::>dID
'S!uowuOJ!AllO ROO loq pUB XOlpAOjllll! uopllZ!UJ!Ido SSOOOJd puB 'dn-OJBOS 'sunlaIIs :IlSBA\. p;lX!UI ogpods
JO 1II0umr.ul olJl JOJ AliolouqOOl ;q! JO uopBldupu :uo!lB.llSUDm;p SJlJlII! IUOwdolOAOp JO SBOJB ;;Jtp are;J;qJ, 'JllIllUI
olJl pUB JB!l0lBW "!lIBW ::>dB::> ;q! ~ uopoBlOlll! :lZfUI!XBUI 01 P;PUOIII! SJ SJU 'uoP1l'Z!I!lJBIS ::>dB::> 01 JOlld s:lAIljll
POI"UfW"'Uoo ;q! ;zfJ;pAl.Od 01 UOp1lUOpOBJJOAJo SB qons SOIIIOlJos I~ :IlSBA\. 8upuSpsOAUJ are 'INV lB SIS!lDOpS
'SJBlOw snOPJ1lZBll oPS!JOlOBJ1lqo ;q! JO] Bf.&lIf.IO qoool ;q! pOW }snw WJoJ :IlSBA\. ;q! 'uOllBp1llQJ V~DM wag: \lIS1IAl. ;qI
:lAOWaJ 01 JOplo UJ '\lIS1IAl. ;Ap080!PBl SB p;sodslP ;q 01 S! WJO] \lIS1IAl. ;q! J! m;lqOJd B S! qO!llAl. 'o!lS!JOlOBJ1lqO SROPJ1lZBll
OlJl :lAOUJOJ IOU soop ;uoJB UO~ 'J:lMA\.OH 'SP!los pROl :lAp080!JlIII JO] Al!oIOUljOOllllOumr.ul O!B!JdOJddB
olJl SB sogpods V dlI olJlqo!llAl. 'x!JlBID ::>dID B II! uop~ Aq POZ!J!llBIS ;q R!Al. S:lAOjll oUaJdo;u p;un-Jl1lO'I
'mn!Soo llII!PnlOll! 'SIuom;p :lAp080!PBl olqttlos aJow ;q! pUB A.mo.tOW lJlDqJO uOP1l'Z!I!lJBIS ;q! 0I0UI0Jd 01 p;sn llII!;q
are SOAP!PPV '1001 UOllBlRSd1l:mooJolW p:lS1lq-ROO-lOlj B SB S:JdID JO ;sn ;q! lSOI 01 POIB.QSUowop llII!;q SJ SSBjll p;qsru:l
p;lBUJUlBluo:>-A.mo.tOW JO uO!l1l'Z!l!lJ1llS 'S1II1WlS O!SBA\.-JlaXfW JO] N. -'INV lB dn-JlaJBOS 8upq Apu;saJd SJ SSOOOJd 0lJ.L
r!>ll!f~""'''''~~~''''''''''~'='''''''''i='''.''-~-
_ __l'
.J~Xn.u S~IUIUJ~:> ~luqdsoqdi ~_!
~puoq ~IIUO!{~~lP V .9 ;').1n~!.tli ::
________________ _ _____ ____.._ _ __J
;:>/.:>_-
'p;dolOA;p llll!:lll are SOlOqdsoUllB JlaROJIOoo II! SUOpBJ;do OIOWaJ puB dn-oJBOS :lZJS-q:ll1Kl
tpoq JOJ suopB!dupu ss;oOJd AJuss;o;N 'S1II1WlS O!SBA\. p;lX!UIlIOa OpBUGllqOJd UO SISOl
JO] dn JlaJBOS llll!;q are O!SBA\. SROPJ1lZBlllJl!Al. SISOl Oj1lOS-AJOlBJOllB'I 'SJllIllUI snoPJ1lZBll
O!lS!lOlOBJ1lqO JO] SISOlqOBOI JllBPlIBlS ssud R!Al.l1lq! s;JSBA\. P!lOS WJO] 01 spunodmoo
l OI1lqdsoqd;q!JO SOplodoJd llII!PII!q-JllIllUI OlJllln!z!mnJO llJOlll!;q! lJl!Al. S1II1WlS \lIS1IAl.
p;lX!UI 01 S:JdB::> JO AlmlJBO!lddB ;q! llII!luS!lSOAUJ uuS;q Anu!l!ll! 'INV lB SISJOfWBlO;)
,
~ 'OJ;JOUOO
I UOPODllSROO A.nnInu0 JO lBlJl olqnop UBlJl aJOW 'p:lA;!lJOB S! tWIN L 01 X ~ JO l;pJ0
~ OlJl uo tpllo;JJS :IAfSSOJdmoo 'uopBlpAq JO JOIBA\. punoq % 'lA\. ~1-Ollln!ll!Bllloo lJSB AJJ
i % lA\. O~ lJl!Al. ;pew lJl!lOUOW JBO!dAl B JOII 'lDJOOAl. M:lJ B II! nBOlllld tplluaIls :IAfSSOJdmoo
, B llII!lJOBaJ 'u;pl1lq 01 SODII!lIIoo JOUpOJd ::>dB::> pooud;Jd AIJodoJd B 'sAup JlI.t:lMS J:IAQ
'EwojllS'l AJOlB1JI!XOJddB JO AlfSuoP B lJl!Al. lJl!louow P!los B olll! su;pl1lq AJmJS ;q! 'S.moq
m 0A\.l1l!lJl~N. 'ouoJB SJ;pII!q ;q! lJl!Al. p;:mpold ouo UBlJl mlluOJlS SJ lBlJllJl!lOUOUl JllUY
I B SUllOJ AnBI1lou 'x!JlBID ::>dB::> B JO] :IlSBA\. JB;p! UB 'uopsnqmoo JBOO wag: lJSB AJJ JBOfdAJ.
I 'UOpBWlO] x:lldmoo Ol1lqdsoqd JO uOllOldnJoo 01 JOlld P!los omflq B OIII! ps OIl~ llII!oroJ
I 'AJmJS ::>dB::> ;q! mo.g: aJDISJow 0A!JP 01 ql!nouo ql!!lI u;;q :IA1lq 'oldumx; JO] 'oppeo
~ WDpJBO 1lll!ll!8luoo s;JSBA\. lJlJAl. 80IBJ UOPOBOM 'JlOO!1IOO.I SJ S1II1WlS p;:lJ II! sullplllllJlS!P
, appeo JO uopllZ!JOlOBJ1lqo owos 'OfWJ;q!OXO are suopoBOlllu!Pll!q ;q! ;snuo;g
'AJmIS olqu.mod B WJoJ 01 moq JIllq-;uo lnoqB JO] 9 ;JDjl!1I11!
UA\.oqs ouo olJl SB qons oolMP B II! O!SBA\. poo;pAl.od JO 'lBJDUBlli 'ouy % 'lA\. O~ 01 do lJlJAl. AJSUOloll!A JlaXfW are SIUOUodwoo
"!lIBW o~ 'XfJIBW olJlll!lJl!Al. SIUOuodwoo POIBjDSCfll:lu; JO "!lIBW ;q! JO S!uouodmoo owoo;q qO!llAl. 'slloJBUB JBlOU!W
WJoJ 01 SOaJliap l!ufAIBA 01 xOldmoo AJmJS olJl 01 p;:mJlO.lllI! are SJUlOw OISBA\ 'uopBJOdo qOlBq B II! (ottf9.tOcDIliW
'd)lW) OI1lqdsoqd mnfSSBlod um!s;ulJum POIBlPAq oonpOJd 01 uOplodOJd o!JlOUlO!llO!OlS II! JOIBA\.lJl!Al. p;lX!UI (tQdZIDI)
OI1lqdsoqd u;llD.lpAlJIP mnfSS\llOd pUB (ollw:) BfSOullum JlaII!OJBO AJlJllnOJOlJl S! uOPBJDWJoJ ::>dB::> JO Oldunrxo OUQ
'~mnlOA .mimJ1IlII.MUIOS 1I1r! ill!lplS:lJ 'Smlld
JBWlOlJl B II! SB p;.\OJIs;p IOU are SJB!lOlBW ofuuSJO snOPJ1lZBlllBlJl S! ollBlUBAPBSlP OUQ 'SUoo 10lJ JO soxDq:lAOjllll!lJl!Al.
p;ssOOOJd puB JlaIPDBlJ ;q }snW lBlJl so!SBA\. OAp080!JlIII JOJ SIlOOllBluuApB SJ ssOOOJd SDOP!lu;m;o AJmJS sno:mbu UB JO
AlP!ldWfS olJl 'JOtpJDlI 'SUllO] OISBAI. _!AJo ooUBISlsaIqoool puB soplodoJd JBOpI1llJOOW ;q! :IA1lq UB:llOUpOJd O!WBloo
......~................._...~_ ......_._ "__..,,,w_w--e a____."...w
_w~.. _"_ww___, ___. -------.oe---J. -______.C"____ra_..
11 of 14
of the project. A variety oftecbnlques, inoI1IlIin8 bound water....rt and precomplexing the IICtinides with silica, ... bein8
developed.. For the demonstJation. p1mninm-c:ontaining inciDerator residues from the Rockv Flats Environmental
Technolo"" Si~... bein8 stabilized and tested Ibr IICtinide recowrabiIi1y and ll8ll gcneralion.
CONCLUSIONS
Hot demonsIraIions... a necelI8llIY port of the successfuI_opment of new nuclear-waste prooeosing technologies. The
tenD _ _ COJ1juIo& up the imase of an _ pro fonDa tosl involving well_oped equipment,
processes, and ~ As..... in the.... of the three ANL-W nuclear........ technology demonsIraIioos, the situation is
not only more complex, bot IOIIIC of the nnnradiooctivc _opment is actuaI1y done In ouppnrt the hot demonsIraIion.
Inevilably _ is IOIIIC blurring of the line beIween the Iaboratmy and industria1 application.
The _ In bypass the hot..............n.n pbaae of doYeIopmenl is easy In undmIand; hot _tions... expensive
and they delay cIepInymenI, _ by yeus. Consider the three ANL-W demonsIraIions. Tho price of quaIilyiDg a
high-level waste Ibr gooIosic dIspooaI is still unknown,;!,l buI baa been informally _ In nmgc ftnm a low of $20
million In a high of $2 billion. But since no high-I.... waste baa been qualliled, no SllIDdaIda Ibr qualification exist. and
no aeologic IOpOIilDly baa been licenaed, the true cnst baa not been _Iished Ibr any high-I.... waste Conn.
E~-acaIo _opment of high-level waste Ibrms is cnnent1y a modest, bot sipitlcanl, ftactlon of ArJronne', $2'
million per year -DI8lca1 treatment demonstta1inn project. Tho PIIP demonsIraIion, which invoIve4 facility
modification and equipment procumnenI, baa cnst somewhat in...... of SIO millinn and taken some rom: years In near
completion. Tho CBPC demonslraliona, which take advantage oflnw-pricod ",odpwe..t and exiaIing s10veb0xes, wlll cnst
less that SI millinn and can be completed within a year of project <<>DCeplion.
Even with the cnst and delay in deployment, just the ~ _eo that have In be owroomelbr the
dtauuuotk.nona... proof enough that large capita\ ~..... should not be risked until the pnx:eaoea........... the
equipment is reliable, and the waste........ ... adoqualeIy _ Figure 7 showallalna8e In the PIIP hearth that
oc:cuned during 011O of the nnnradiooctivc -. Tbia problom can be readi1y _ during the demonsIraIion with
re1ativeIy simple """"ftC8lio1la, bot had a 1Wl-aize PIIP syalom _ down during TRU waste proc:easIn& repoin In the
complex, p1ntnninm.............t.ed equipment wonId have been very expensive. A _Im:akdown in a simpler version
of the _ technology that wlll be nsed Ibr tI08liDg the TRU waste stored in Idaho _ the _ of sImtdowna
Ibr repoin during actua1 waste proceasiDs. M
In onIcr In cony out hot _tions of radioactive-waste prooeosing technologies, !i !'
several i-. mnal be in p~ iDcl1lllin8: r I
II
. Nuclear faci1ities that ... permitted In cony out all of the operations reqoiIod Ibr I
the R&D and demonsIraIion needed In bring a technology In the point of I,
deployment with acceplahle risk. As a pmctica1..-, stveo the cnst of new ! i
ouclear constmctIon, exiaIing facilitiea have In be nsed or modiIled. ! ,
. Access In ....._.. qoantities of the actua1 waste ........ that ... propooecI II
In be treated by the new technology. LabonItory samples may lack the complexityi :
of the actua1 waste stream. For example, fission~ compriae IDOSl of the jll
perioclic chart, bot Iaboratmy _... norma1ly reatrided In a lOw ...........w... ,
eIemeuIs. _, in the actua1 waste, IOIIIC of the _ maybe pIOSOIIlas Pi
comp1ex compounda or ~ that wonId complicate IDOSlIbrms of ! ~i', "
bemical . P i, ,:',
c processmg. Ii i,~:,";~;
. E~ capability In scale-up, modify Ibr remote operation, or otherwise : !Iii.i'i' c
adapt process equipmenllbr the dcmoosIration. '
. An adequate iDfrastructuJe to CODt8in radioactive and hazardous species, to ;) i Figure 7. H~rth.da~;;~~sed bY
control peraonnel_ In these e1emeot&. and In dispooe of waste ftnm the ~ jpl.....m , ~~"
demonsballona.
. A strong analytical capohili(v In monitor off-ll8lle& and In chaJacterize sample products, inpnt waste streams.
residues, and downatream filten. Tbia may inoIude expensive analytical inatrnmenta mocIill<d Ibr use in confined
g10veb0xea or hot cella.
Hot _ODS should be bui1t into the development plan at an early stage In help n:duce the time reqoiIod In go from
3/1112004 7:27 PM
Wd Lz:L toOUll/E
_-N lllO<IS .oj _.....1 iuJugalOJ1OO\3lDd1(ol
qlllH JlOSOC!oId. ....IPfB'l n PUU'.lOJl1W ',I'A\ '.!Bo ';)'ll' 'tl
'(9661 'SNV :'II 'Jp1l.J:.amuO 11']) 'IU..,ailDUVjf /O/oUIO
illJS81d plIO lang .mil/anN luadg '300 It'sJfllS3lI dn-ueJ
_\3.!l!Jpud llupu>p!JlllO;) JOlId. "(11 lO.lJllO 'V,DI'II
'8tI-'E1 'dd '(t661
'SJ^U. :Yd '9J8PUW11fA) SJD!.l8JDjf puo spo"lJ8W U!SSi10
ap!u!pf( uo Uln[soaUlAS IOuO!IOWa}u/ .. 'spguaW QpPJPOY
~ 'OJ """"""d I"OJimnvIomOLld. "(11 lO SOflI1llI'll"C '01
'('661 JOqllIOlCIos ;)IVS:OI 'sJ18d 0l(1lpJ}1I01"6-;JIVS
'tf.mununS uSlSacJ n-$fJ!L lUillStW 8IO:>8-10/1d ssa
'IIm'H DUISD/d J.l0JlI1llI 'V'C puu'JalD]O!) l'l1l 'aJl0A\ 'd'A\ '
'(S661 JOqOlO() ';)IVS :01 'SJI1ld 01(1lJlJ) E1EI"6-;)IVS 'uJajS
ssir3O.ld rp.maH UUlSVld 81D3ff"1011d tMU3lJOIPtTH-UON!O l.IOddn
Ul SUUSil,L JaJUiI;] W.lSIOqltl$8'l/"JBW~ 'TO'
-, 'd '(L661 't "UBI) SM3N 81SOM .loill:JnN .. 'lJ8JJ003lu;QQ
_A\ p."WO',llnS WVlI.L 'ldNa _y ll'ocr. '
'(u;61
(tII) IE '.aI.i.q m'p"N U/ ssa.lllOJd''P'' 'omuo1IJ! 'IrA\ '
'L8t-t8t 'dd '(t661
'SNV :'II 'Jp1l.J:.amuo 11']) "'''IIO/llUI puv s.au'1I0l/:) /.
.lOilJORN luadS 300 uo Buy,an 1D3ldo,l 1I'land Jmf.lIIN
.Ill....ll'JO)lIOUIlJ1IdoaJO "'flS!JOlO1lJ8II;. 'OJOlDJl!d 'TO'
'(9661 Mlvt 'll'OO :';)'0 'uolSuJqn
lltll-y!ltilOO 'JS8Aj,uOjo.lOf/IJ7/DUOYDN .uuolliy 10 <<11/1""
SU1UOmpUO:J [a"d ill{1 ull:Ja(WJ uOllrJ.4SUowa(] pUD '/3JDasa
IUtnUlDa.I.l [0318.lnllDI8U1O.110a/JI IU~Y /DlU;nuutUltUI'jJ .
'Otl
't JOqllIOlCIos-oE jS1Iiny 'uolSuJqnA\ '.J1l1lOS
_ JlOS1IlI-o:>uoJOS uo wnJSOdmAs J1ll.I
ABl:i ""'l .{,q0 "'Il .. JlOIu..... JOdudl .suo!SS!W (1Il1JOlIIlIOJ!
....N UodduS OllSOA\~ollJy II SO!l!lf08d JIlO
JO 050. '.woqoun n'l puu 'JqllfA'(l';)';) '1OllJa 'a'o 'I
'juilwaBouv
!O}UilWUo.IIIW3 fo Badia am plIO '!fao/OUYOil.z pu>> aaua,
'&.IaUJ/.lD8/0nN!0 8011/0 'ti1f.Jaug )0 lU8Ui1.1DlJ8a 'SYl
,1.01 Br-8u:g-60/-/-Af l:JD.11U{X) .I9pun p8UUoj.lad SI:Ml. 'l.l0h\. Sf
.LN:mr:![~mfIMON}I3V
'Aj:)>>OUlS
'SU<>!l!JHIOO 5u!.1!J:ld0:)tp OJ 'Alq!sood 'pUUlWIShs!
:)I{J OJ s~mpow lUlr.Njru8!S ;)AIOAU! PlnoM. '1JOM. uo-1\\olloJI
Auv A~!U!p~ 5u9=l ~A!l:l80!p1lJ ~uodlsod OJ pllp!~P ~ABql
~ 'lWpW; svS-lJo Qtp OJ sJllIQUI snopl1l'Z8l( QI{IJO UO!ltlZ!1!l1lJOAI
p3A13S<Io Ql(I puu ~qrud [800911.000 :)ql U<M~ 'pwmmoi
<MBI{ SUO!J.OOn.JJBW HU!JqIlO.1J ~JOW WA:) ilu~ <M980!PBlUOU!
l1l:)nOOs<jns HU!lllQ 'uo!.uxio QA!l:l80!PBl 5lJ!lnp pll1.In:KlO1
Aaql pvq snO!lOlS U~ <Muq PinON. IBlfllWtshs IU;)UlI~lI Ip1B;)q:
BWSBld ;)l{llfl!ftl. SW;)lqoJd ;)WOS p:luo9WW;)JA 'Ii: ;)8Bd uol
i
'paqs!lqnd:oK! OJ 'Na./:Jos :J1UJv.la:J 11IJ;J.l.IiJluyj
al{lfo fl,JY 'uuy '1'66 ';JO,Id~ 'sUUOf:JlS8A\ :I!ll'1I1:>;) "'IBlfdsOlfd!
;)11l111J:)(f~1.A\0'] U! :ll66JO UO!J8Z!I!'IolUUlJ:~ 'Z~!MOIf:xJlsnlli
'W pUlJ'~lIS '"H'q8uA\ 'V'tn(!lIlpUUW'A 'qgU!S 'Q T!
i
. {fl1'IU!p>>:xJJOL6WMflJJO"WMWM."IlVM\II:aQl{i
'"Z'/Y ,onuur'lua,ua2DIIDtyi
alsoM ':N)..IJ ~ 'S;'!WW:l:) :llll1.ldooqd p::lPuog AII8:J!w;)If;) Ifl!'"1
~)UM;)JSBM. pUB P!IOS p:;l)BlI!WUJUO:)jO ^,!l!q1ljS~ 'UQ:)S:l.M.1
'f pUll 'ON 'H 'U!lIJ)S 11 '1{5u!S 'cr '8uOOf 'kS 'If SuM. 'S'V "Z:
i
"I;)au;)J;)JUO:)L66I/A\.IIrfllaJ~jS:XUJ\OlW/AOlI'I:>U!'1M\Nljraulf!
'JUO;) lua,uaBDuo1"{ also.-ili
3<1!I:Jt)O",pvU la~7.ilW7 Hoasn 'P81 "XJ.I.d ~ 'A1OJS ;)lQjdmo:)!
V~SUM. p:lx!W PA:l1--A\O']jO uo!l'BZ!I!'IBtS :~~!UIBJ;)::>,,!
'U!E1l1S A"H puu '8U()Qf OkS 'q8u!S'0 'lf8BM. 'SY "Ii
",m "'pnpu! OJ P"'PU;).)ll! p1Ilf ;)M.l1np SUO!I1lj!~ ;)lf1 ';)]q!ssod!
:j:);)fOJd S!ql ;)pum uo!prZ!p'qBlS :))S1lM. JU;)pnu 01 S:)dH::>i
jO 1I0!18:J!ldda ;)1I1 U! )jl0M. 8U!l:XlU~ ;)SOlIM 'q'iiU!s c;b;)jKl pua!
q'iiUM. U1UV SJOJlIJoqalloo JI10 01 o'ii ~!80lodu Jno "1t!!l:Mlnuuw!
IBug;)lfl q)1lt\ ;)U1lpB:lP uogB:)qqnd ~If) J:xlW 01 ;)~Dq Jnol
.. .. I
U! ~dOJp AllU~jJ;)APBU! 88M. ;);)w.mjal J:lplol{--olO1Ijd V'}jJOM.]
JI:)l{l OJ :l;:lU:lliIj:)J Aua ;)110 01 j() S;)WBU Jl;)lfl ;)pnpm oJ p;;lIIIlJ
;'\\ lnq 'M:'1NV 111 :lliIlil:J;)~oJd S:)!lli~ ;)lBqdOOqd p:lpU~1
AlIBO!WQqo ;)1I1 U! p:l)ll.Qlluow~::xr 1I!M.lB1ll s;)IlS:r.lOJd ;)lfl;
p;dOj;)A;)P 01lA\. 1NV)U SlS!O!WlIJ;);' P;)UO!JU;)W ;)A\ 'm: :l511d uol
i
"ld!l::lSnuRw'
;)lJl p;)~~qns:lM. :lOU!S Ill:lwdol;)A;)P )U8:J!:I!U'ii!S R S! J;)qlo ;)ql!
PllU'UO!ss!Wosno!l;)S as! :)lIO"f8 :It-P[ S:l'iiud 'Nor L66li
, iijiif ;)tp If! P;)qs!jqnd SliM q;,!qM ~ 's;)!50louq~111u!SS;x)QJd:
;)lSBM. J8;)pnNJo SUO!IU.qsllOWa(] JOH" J:Klmf Jno ul p:)pnpu!i
lOU:)J~ )Ulll SlUlod lllBUodwl jO ;)jdnoo B "''1I1W 01 ;)J(!1 plno,\\ Ii
,. . I
:UOSIIJqO"H'./WJIl;)(]!
:ap'1.ID S}'llfO U0110;)!{qIl~
ZU~~/!~J ~9f 011U35' rD~~,}pa ~'!!_ 01 ,,!!!~~!~~Ilof a'!!:.:
,
:>l.LV<Idil
NOI.LV3rUlad- .LSOd
____-.J
''''!lloIOlll(OOl iu]sso:loId _....poU JO SUOp1lJlSllomop lDII
JO ;IOlll!l\lf.lSS:l mu S! SJ1U. llaUOl\IIlXl A1qtl1:lgJald all 1\8lre:J QSO:l ~ puu ~ 'J8l~ lp!q.ll U! lIII1JlJOld B
tI]1Il!.ll JllI1l.(1IOS B II \1lO _ oq JllllOqs SlllOlQOJd IT'l'llOOJ Ajdwp " "'P!J1Ol!I JllI1llUOllld!flbo JlOISOllllIJO JUOUL\oldop
OllIl~dumfJlll1lOf.lk>\1lOUldot_JlOlI!Idpsg>"'Il_Ollhq.(JJ. ',liolOllqOOl__-JIlOpnu
pgssoo:ms . dop.lOJl Ol JlOI!llboJ 0J1l soupdpsg>llIq=uJlluo PUU:>!J!lll'lfOS ll101OJl!P AuecI\! .........,dop Olllloouoo
tlJOt(
________ ____~_~~__.. __.~~~__~......_............w
.........~.u...u....u...............-.........................""'e.....-...v."'C'....
.....~...._..____._w_. _w_w---eo-._J .-----C'---t'..-..
13 of 14
ueI." DOE Spent Nuclear Fuel and FIssile Material
anagement (La Gnmge Pari<, IL: ANS 1996).
13. 'Toxicity CbatacterisIic Leaching Procedute, Method
1311." Te'" Methods for EvaluaUng Solid Wa8te,
'hysicaVChemlcal Methods, SW--846 3rd ed. (Washington,
D.C.: EPA.I986), as IIIIIOIIlied by Updates I (luIy, 1992). IJ(September. 1994), and IIA (August, 1993).
14. "Standanl Test Methods fur Determlning Chemical Dutability of Nuclear W_ Glasses: The Ptoduct Consislency
Test (PCI)," 1995 A_al Book of AS'lM Standards (Philadelphia, PA: MIM. 1995), p. 797.
15. RL. Gillins and S.D. Poling, "Plasma Hearth W_ T_t DemonstIation fot Radioactive Mixed W_," (Paper
presented at the 1994 Incinetation COnfemu:e. Roo-.., TX, May 10. 1994).
16. KP. Carney et aI., "A Remote FfIR Monitoting of a Radioactive 0Ir-Gas S~ for the P...... Hearth Process
(Paper presented at the Federation of Aoalvtical Chemistry and SoectroSCOllV Societies. Kanaas City, MO, October 1996).
17. RL. Gillins et 81.. "A P1asma Hearth Process Bench-Scale Demonstration Project," Waste Management 97 (Tucson.
AZ: W.M. Symposia, MaIch 1997).
18. I.G. MooIe et aI., "Leach Behavior ofJlydroftacture GIODI Incorpotating Radioactive Wastes," Nuel. reehnol.. 32 (39)
(1977).
19. D.M. Roy and GR Gouda, "IIigb-Levei Radioactive W_ Incorporation into (Special) Cements," Nuel. rechnol.. 40
(214) (1978).
20. D.M Roy, "Cement Based Nuclear Waste Solidification Forms," Conference on High-Level RodIoactive Solid Waste
Forms, Nue/etll'Regulatory Commission Conference Proceedings. no. S, ed. L. Casey (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear
ReoulatotV Commission. 1979), p. 479.
21. M. W. Barnes, C.A Langston, and DM Roy, "Leaching of Saltstone," Sc/enUjle Basis for Nuclear Waste
Management VIII, vol. 44 of Mater. Res Soc. Symp. Proc.. eda. C.M. Jantzen, IA Stone, andRC. Ewing (Pittshur1!h.
PA: MRS. 1985), p. 865.
22. W. Fl\inn, M. W. Grutzcck. and D.M. Roy. "Leaching ofWarm-Ptessed CsZP-<:ements Composite Wa8te Fottas,"
ScienUjle Ba8ts fOr Nuclear Wa8te Management VIlI, vol. 44 of Mater. Res Soc. Symp. Proc., eda. C.M. Jantzen, I.A
Stone, and RC. Ewing (Pittshur1!h. PA: MRS. 1985), p. 899.
23. D.M Roy et aI., "A Low TemperatUre Ceramic Waste Form," International Symposium of Ceramics in Nuclear Waste
Management. eda. T.D. Chikalia and I.M. Mendel (COlwnbus, OH: A1neticao Ceramic Society. 1979), p. 136.
24. D.O. Double" "C'he1r-ically Bonded Ceramics: Taking the Heat Out of Making Ceramics." J. for Mater. Educ., 12
(1990).
25. D.M. Roy, "New Strons Cement Materials: Chemically Bonded Ceramics," Sctence. 235 (1987).
26. AK. Sakar, "Phosphate Cement-Based Fa8t-Setting Bindets," Cerom. Bull., 69 (2) (1990).
27. W.D. KinsetY, "FnndaraenIal Studies of Phosphate Bonding in Reftactories: U. COld-Bondins Properties," J. of the
Amer. Ceram. Soc.. 33 (1950), pp. 242-247.
28. "TreaIment and Use: The Fnlute of Ash Management," Salid Wa8te and Power. 5 (5) (1991).
29. LA _ and B.C. Sales, "Monazite," Radioactive Waste Formsfor the Future, eda. W. Lutze andRC. Ewing
(New York: North-HoUand Physics Puh1isheIS, 1988).
30. Report on the U.s. EPA Technical Workshop on WTI Incinerator Risk Assessment Issues, EPA/6301R.-96IOO1
(Washington, D.C.: EPA. May 1996).
31. "DOE Signs New Hanftn:d Cleannp Pact with State." rhe Enel'.llV Dailv. 22 (16)(Janwuy 26, 1994), p. 2.
32. Ash Residues End State 7rode Study. DOEllD-10560 (Washington, D.C.: DOE. 1996).
33. Spent Nuclear Fuel Management Cost Evaluation Report. DOElSNFIFEP-PS-OOl (Washington, D.C.: DOE. March
1995).
34. "GTS Doratek Shots Down SRS Molter," Defense Cleanup (April 4, 1997), pp. 3-4.
35. RA. Langly, "The BNFL, Inc. Approach to Privatization," Waste Management 97 (Tuscon, AZ: W.M. Symposia,
1997).
Harold F. MeFaliaDe
Associate Director
TeclmoJogy Development Division
~rgo~e Nati~,!a~L~borat01'J":ff'est
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
D.P. McPar!IIIe earned his Ph.D. in enginoerIns acience at California Institute oITeehoo10"" in 1971. He is conent1y
associate _ of the Technelosy Development Division at Aroonne National LaboratotV.
IC.M. Goff earned his Ph.D. in nuclear enginoerIns at Georrda Institute of Technolon in 1991. He is currently group
leader of_ process techoolosy at Aroonne Natiooal Laboratorv.
3/1112004 7:27 PM
~
Entered into Record It ~ h / 4
Copor.illCmvDevCms Uta: . ()
.
~Ilem i3/~~ ~
'h
rI'
~h"~
City ClerldCDC Seer
City of San Bernardino
"".';"-.-.\'I"p..;-.;.,,,.._"-.......<-'<
--""-.'''''-'<''''''.
,,,'....-.
....!.o._,~......,;'"""'_.....,_., .
f;ii'
"
"